learning 1

Question 1

what is stimulus generalization

Answer 1

Stimulus generalization is when a learned response occurs with similar stimuli

Question 2

what is spontaneous recovery

Answer 2

the reemergence of conditioned responding to an extinguished conditioned stimulus (CS) with the passage of time since extinction.

Question 3

what is the unlearning of a conditooned response called

Answer 3

extinction

Question 4

what is extinction

Answer 4

when conditioned stimulus no longer associated with conditoned response
- eventually distinguished

Question 5

Kunst- Wilson and Zajonc 1980 study and term it found the ‘M… E……. E…..’

Answer 5

• showed people can develop preferences for objects theyve never seen before in absence of coscious recognition
• repretition of neutral stimulus acquiring positive value
• mere exposure effect

Question 6

Bekerin and Baddeley 1990 study with house wives

Answer 6

• found hearing message over 1,000 times led to 85% recall rate
• but less info of detail

Question 7

Ebbinghaus 1880 study of memory

Answer 7

• learning of nonsense syllables e.g WXZZ CAZZ BIJ
• observed you remember it if you put time in to remember
• found linear relationship in repetition, so more repeptiotion doesnt lead to more things remembered

Question 8

Ericsson et al., 1993 role of music study

Answer 8

• found expert musicians accumalate more than 10,000 hours of practice compared to 5,000 hours for least experienced experts

Question 9

Baddeley and Longman 1998 distributed practice study

Answer 9

• found 1 hour practice over several days more effective than 4 hour sessions
• 4 hour sessions made them forget more over time

Question 10

how did pashler et al 2007 show an alternative study to Baddeley and Longman

Answer 10

• found spacing between learning is important
• use of 2, 2 hour sessions, 2 1 hour sessions and 1 2 hour and 1 hour
• found distributed oractice is better for skills

Question 11

Karpicke and Roediger 2008 study

Answer 11

• studied importanc of testing
• vocab of foreign language
• 4 conditions: 2 involved continued testing of language pairs and other 2 involved no testing
• learned equally over 4 sessions however 2 that were tested retained much longer

Question 12

Nilsson 1987 perception of motivation

Answer 12

if your interested in something you more likely to reherse or pay attention more but
- only indirectly important!!!!

Question 13

what is explicit learning and types of learning it involves

Answer 13

• Explicit learning is when you consciously learn and remember things on purpose, usually through teaching or instructions.
• declarative learning
• episodic (biographical events)
• semantic (words, ideas, concepts)

Question 14

what is implicit learning and types of learning it involves

Answer 14

• the process of acquiring knowledge or skills without conscious awareness of what is being learned or how learning is taking place.usually through exposure to patterns or repetition rather than explicit instruction
• non-declarative
• procedural (skills) and emotional conditioning
• priming effect and conditioned reflex

Question 15

Bruce and Valentine 1986 study on primed fragments

Answer 15

• read passage A and not B
• given word fragments for each passage, able to fill out from passage they read but not as well on other
• SHOWS PRIMING TO COMPLETE THEM

Question 16

issue with pairing

Answer 16

• may slow things down

Question 17

what is procedural learning and who does it help

Answer 17

refers to the acquisition of skills or behaviors through practice and repetition, leading to automaticity and efficiency in performing tasks.
- amnesiacs

Question 18

whats the pursuit rotar task

Answer 18

• following a moving object with a cursor and have to keep stylus on top of the target while its moving
• refines motor skills in amnesiacs

Question 19

whats mirror tracing

Answer 19

• tracing a diagram of an item but all you can see is your hand moving in a mirror
• vision is obscured
• seen improvements in amnesiacs

Question 20

whats the incomplete image task

Answer 20

• shows 3 imporved images as it goes on
• shown disorted image before to complete image
• shows better identifying in images in distorted form
• amnesiacs and non-amnesiacs show same rate of performance

Question 21

what is classical conditioning

Answer 21

• the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a naturally occuring reflex that is only generated in response to something else through the learnings of associations

Question 22

what are cell assemblies (Hebb 1949)

Answer 22

-refer to groups of interconnected neurons in the brain that become activated together in response to specific stimuli or during the performance of particular tasks
- related to LTM
- includes Long term Potentiation

Question 23

what is long term potentiation

Answer 23

• the increased response of subsequent cells (cell assemblies) following repeated excitation of a cell
• LTP strong in the hippocampus and surroubnding regions
• belived to be related to LTM

Question 24

what is priming

Answer 24

priming is a cognitive phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus (the prime) influences the processing of a related stimulus or response, often leading to changes in perception, behavior, or decision-making