learning 3

Question 1

whats a variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 1

where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
- unpredictable relationship

Question 2

whats continuous reinforcement

Answer 2

where desired behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs

Question 3

whats primary reinforcement

Answer 3

a stimulus that inherently satifies biological needs
- do not require learning to be reinforcing

Question 4

whats secondary reinforcement

Answer 4

• refers to a stimulus that becomes reinforcing through its association with with a primary reinforcer
• do not inherentley satisfy biological needs but acquire reinforcing properties through learned associations
• e.g saying ‘good dog’ when giving a dog a treat

Question 5

dixon et al., 2014 study on gambling

Answer 5

• found low winnings make noise associated with positive value (example of a secondary reinforcer)
• found gamblers over estimated their winnings 28 times out of 200 reality

Question 6

whats the issue with a negative consequences with behaviour

Answer 6

• may produce a generalised inhibiting effect
• doesnt reinforce a preferable behaviour

Question 7

what is avoidance learning and what 2 types of conditioning it uses

Answer 7

• use of classical and operant conditioning
• associates stimulus with something unpleasant, learns to avoid/ escape it through a behaviour

Question 8

how did rat deal with shock

Answer 8

• the light (initially neutral) asscoated with shock (unconditioned stimulus) due to discomfort
• causes conditoned response (fear to shock)
• operant conditioning continues behaviour to turn lever on when light turns on

Question 9

tolman andHonzzik 1930 study of rats getting out maze

Answer 9

• blue, given reinforcement when exited maze, errors made dropped overtime
• green, never given reinforcement or reward, errors made reduced slightly
• red, not given reinforcement till day 11, saw marked improvement and reductions in errors made

Question 10

what did study of rats in maze show in absence/presence of reinforcement

Answer 10

in group red, indicated same amount of learning happened in first 11 days however did not exhibit in behaviour until reward

Question 11

observational learning

Answer 11

• does not incooperate reinforcement or punishment to individual, not immediately characterised within stimulus response

Question 12

shettleworth 2010 after GOULD 1994 study with black birds

Answer 12

• big bird alongside naive black bird
• when experienced black birds see predator tend to ‘flap and squak’
• naive bird copied this action but to a stuffed toy instead
• shows social transformation of predator recognition