Automation

Question 1

Introduction of the first automated analyzer.

[history]

Answer 1

Technicon, 1957

Question 2

A continuous flow, single-channel, sequential batch analyzer capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 SAMPLES PER HOUR.

[history]

Answer 2

Auto Analyzer (AA)

Question 3

Next generation of Technicon instruments to be developed.

[history]

Answer 3

Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) series

Question 4

Analyzers with MULTIPLE CHANNELS (for different tests), working synchronously to produce 6 or 12 test results simultaneously at the rate of 360 or 720 tests per hour.

[history]

Answer 4

Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) series

Question 5

The first commercial CENTRIFUGAL ANALYZER was introduced as a SPINOFF TECHNOLOGY from NASA outer space research.

[history]

Answer 5

1970

Question 6

He developed a PROTOTYPE in 1967 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as an alternative to continuous flow technology, which had significant carryover problems and costly reagent waste.

[history]

Answer 6

Dr. Normal Anderson

Question 7

The FIRST NON-CONTINUOUS FLOW, discrete analyzer as well as the first instrument to have RANDON ACCESS CAPABILITIES, whereby stat specimens could be analyzed out of sequence on an as needed basis.

[history]

Answer 7

Automatic Clinical Analyzer (ACA)

Question 8

This instrument was the FIRST TO USE MICROSAMPLE VOLUMES and reagents on slides for DRY CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS and to incorporate computer technology extensively into its design and use.

[history]

Answer 8

Kodak Ektachem (now VITROS) Analyzer (now OrthoClinical Diagnostics) in 1978

Question 9

Extensively used ISEs.

[1980’s popular and more successful analyzers]

Answer 9

Astra analyzer (now Synchron)

Question 10

Introduced primary tube sampling.

[1980’s popular and more successful analyzers]

Answer 10

Paramax (no longer available)

Question 11

Reusable reaction disks and fixed diode arrays for spectral mapping.

[1980’s popular and more successful analyzers]

Answer 11

Hitachi analyzer (Boehringer-Mannheim, now
Roche Diagnostics)

Question 12

Centrifugal force moves samples and reagents into cuvet areas for simultaneous analysis.

[term]

Answer 12

Centrifugal analysis

Question 13

Each sample reaction is COMPARTMENTALIZED.

[term]

Answer 13

Discrete analysis

Question 14

Able to PERFORM INDIVIDUAL TEST or panels, and allows for stat samples to be added to the run ahead of other specimens.

[term]

Answer 14

Random access

Question 15

All samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is conducted on each sample.

[term]

Answer 15

Batch testing

Question 16

More than one test is analyzed CONCURRENTLY on a given clinical specimen.

[term]

Answer 16

Parallel testing

Question 17

MULTIPLE TESTS analyzed one after another on a given specimen.

[term]

Answer 17

Sequential testing

Question 18

A system other than manufacturers’ REAGENTS CAN BE UTILIZED for measurement.

[term]

Answer 18

Open reagent system

Question 19

A system where the OPERATOR CAN ONLY USED the manufacturer’s reagents.

[term]

Answer 19

Closed reagent system

Question 20

Transport specimens quickly from one location to another.

[term]

Answer 20

Pneumatic tube system

Question 21

Amount of time to generate one result.

[term]

Answer 21

Turnaround

Question 22

Mechanism for patient/sample identification; used for reagent identification by an instrument.

[term]

Answer 22

Bar coding

Question 23

Amount of serum that CANNOT be aspirated.

[term]

Answer 23

Dead volume

Question 24

CONTAMINATATION of a sample by a previously aspirated sample.

[term]

Answer 24

Carry over

Question 25

[3] Basic approaches with instruments

Answer 25

1. Continuous flow 2. Centrifugal analysis 3. Discrete analysis`

Question 26

Liquids are pumped through a system of CONTINUOUS tubing. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 26

Continuous flow analysis

Question 27

Samples FLOW THROUGH A COMMON reaction vessel or pathway. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 27

Continuous flow analysis

Question 28

Air bubbles are at REGULAR INTERVALS serve as SEPARATING and CLEANING media. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 28

Continuous flow analysis

Question 29

Resolves the MAJOR CONSIDERATION of UNIFORMITY in the performance of tests because each sample follows the same reaction path. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 29

Continuous flow analysis

Question 30

Example: Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA), Technicon [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 30

Continuous flow analysis

Question 31

It uses the FORCE GENERATED by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 31

Centrifugal analysis

Question 32

Liquids are PLACED IN SEPARATE CUVETS for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor (1000rpm) [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 32

Centrifugal analysis

Question 33

It uses ACCELERATION and DECELERATION of the rotor to transfer the reagents and sample from one chamber to another. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 33

Centrifugal analysis

Question 34

Examples: Cobas-Bio (Roche) and IL Monarch [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 34

Centrifugal analysis

Question 35

It is the MOST POPULAR and VERSATILE analyzer measures only the tests requested on a sample. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 35

Discrete analysis

Question 36

It requires 2-6uL of the sample (minimum volume). [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 36

Discrete analysis

Question 37

It employs a VARIETY OF SYRINGE PIPETTES to aspirate and dispense samples and reagents. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 37

Discrete analysis

Question 38

It is capable of RUNNING MULTIPLE TESTS one sample at a time. [basic approaches with instruments]

Answer 38

Discrete analysis

Question 39

Dr. Sasaki installed the first fully automated clinical laboratory in the world. [history of lab automation]

Answer 39

Koshi Medical School in Japan

Question 40

Pioneers for TLA system development. [history of lab automation]

Answer 40

University of Nebraska and the University of Virginia