Hepatic Excretory Function

Question 1

Binds with PROTEINS Y and Z.

Answer 1

Bilirubin

Question 2

Transports bilirubin to SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

Answer 2

Ligandin

Question 3

Light converts bilirubin from trans-form to cis form.

Answer 3

Photoisomerism

Question 4

Makes bilirubin soluble to water. (excreted in urine)

[bilirubin isoforms]

Answer 4

Photoisomerism

Question 5

Caused by congenital defects involving uridine 5′-phosphate glucuronyl transferase.

Answer 5

Indirect bilirubin

Question 6

Stoppage or suppression of the flow of bile.

Answer 6

Chelostasis

Question 7

REFLECTS INCREASED PLASMA concentrations of conjugated bilirubin.

Answer 7

Urine bilirubin

Question 8

May be acute or chronic or a combination of both, in which there is DAMAGE to and DESTRUCTION OF LIVER CELLS.

[liver disorders]

Answer 8

Hepatitis

Question 9

Process in which DEATH OF LIVER CELLS with regeneration leads to FIBROSIS, scarring and destruction of the normal liver architecture.

[liver disorders]

Answer 9

Cirrhosis

Question 10

Elevated bilirubin deposits in BRAIN TISSUES of INFANTS.

[liver disorders]

Answer 10

Kernicterus

Question 11

It is also called ICTERUS or hyperbilirubinemia.

Answer 11

Jaundice

Question 12

It is characterized by YELLOW DISCOLORATION of the SKIN, sclerae, and mucus membranes.

Answer 12

Jaundice

Question 13

[3] Classification of Jaundice

Answer 13

1. Pre - hepatic jaundice
2. Post - hepatic jaundice
3. Hepatocellular combined jaundice

Question 14

Cause: TOO MUCH DESTRUCTION of red blood cells (premature RBC lysis)

[classification of jaundice]

Answer 14

Pre - hepatic jaundice

Question 15

Serum bilirubin

[pre-hepatic][class. of jaundice]

Answer 15

Elevated B1

Question 16

Cause: FAILURE of bile to FLOW or reach the intestine.

[class. of jaundice]

Answer 16

Post - hepatic jaundice

Question 17

Serum bilirubin:

[post-hepatic][class. of jaundice]

Answer 17

Elevated B2

Question 18

Cause: Hepatocyte injury caused by viruses, alcohol, and parasites (Fasciola hepatica)

[class. of jaundice]

Answer 18

Hepatocellular combined jaundice

Question 19

Serum bilirubin:

[hepatocellular combined ][class. of jaundice]

Answer 19

Elevated B1 and B2

Question 20

Most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia in ADULT.

[post hepatic jaundice]

Answer 20

Cholelithiasis

Question 21

Presence of BILE STONES(composed of bilirubin or cholesterol), most commonly in the common bile duct.

[post hepatic jaundice]

Answer 21

Cholelithiasis

Question 22

UGT1A1 mutation (insertion of 2 bases into the promoter region) resulting to LOWER GLUCORONYL transferase expression and enzymatic activity (<30%).

[bilirubin conjunction decreased]

Answer 22

Gilbert syndrome

Question 23

Multiple mutations of UGT1A1 gene.

[bilirubin conjunction decreased]

Answer 23

Crigler - Najjar Syndrome

Question 24

ABNORMAL ELEVATION of bilirubin reaching the brain causing brain damage.

Answer 24

Kernicterus

Question 25

It is a familial form of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (transient familial hyperbilirubinemia) and may be caused by a CIRCULATING INHIBITOR OF BILIRUBIN CONJUGATION in the baby's or mother's blood. [bilirubin conjunction decreased]

Answer 25

Lucey - Driscoll Syndrome

Question 26

It may also be due to a GENETIC CHANGE in the UGT1A1 gene enhancing hyperbilirubinemia. [bilirubin conjunction decreased]

Answer 26

Lucey - Driscoll Syndrome

Question 27

Conjugated bilirubin excretion block with ABSENCE OF LIVER PIGMENTATION. [impairment of hepatic excretion]

Answer 27

Rotor syndrome

Question 28

Low Ligandin production. [impairment of hepatic excretion]

Answer 28

Rotor syndrome

Question 29

It may be caused by having mutations in both the SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes. [impairment of hepatic excretion]

Answer 29

Rotor syndrome

Question 30

It may also be a DEFECT OF SINUSOIDAL REUPTAKE of conjugated bilirubin. [impairment of hepatic excretion]

Answer 30

Rotor syndrome

Question 31

Serum bilirubin: [rotor syndrome]

Answer 31

Elevated B1 and B2

Question 32

Bilirubin-Induced Brain Dysfunction

Answer 32

Kernicterus

Question 33

It is due to IMMATURE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER among infants.

Answer 33

Kernicterus

Question 34

It is characterized by ELEVATED UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN.

Answer 34

Kernicterus

Question 35

It can cause ATHEROID CEREBRAL PALSY and hearing loss.

Answer 35

Kernicterus

Question 36

BUILDUP of unconjugated bilirubin.

Answer 36

Neonatal jaundice

Question 37

Most common cause is HDN.

Answer 37

Neonatal jaundice

Question 38

Fatty deposits in the liver due to the effect of ETHANOL in lipid metabolism thus decreasing FATTY ACID OXIDATION and increasing the formation of deposits of TAG in liver. **Alcohol → less fat burning + more fat making → fat stays in liver

Answer 38

Steatosis (1st stage)

Question 39

Further fat accumulation takes place with inflammation and development of fibrosis or necrosis.

Answer 39

Steatonecrosis

Question 40

Extensive DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS takes place, further inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Answer 40

Alcoholic cirrhosis