CCHM 1 (lec) > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

A quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances (called analytes) in body fluids.

A

Clinical chemistry

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2
Q

It LINKS THE KNOWLEDGE of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and bio- chemistry with an understanding of human physiology.

[SSI]

A

As a science

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3
Q

It PRODUCES OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE from which medical decisions may be made.

[SSI]

A

As a service

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4
Q

Clinical laboratories are businesses, which operate under the regulations and practices that guide commerce in the United States.

[SSI]

A

As an industry

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5
Q

[5] Ion, Salts, and Minerals.

[common analytes in the clinical chemistry laboratory]

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Calcium
  4. Chloride CO2
  5. Lead Iron
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6
Q

[4] Small Organic Molecule

[common analytes in the clinical chemistry laboratory]

A
  1. Metabolites
  2. Therapeutic drugs
  3. Toxicology
  4. Drugs of abuse
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7
Q

[4] Large Molecules

[common analytes in the clinical chemistry laboratory]

A
  1. Transport proteins
  2. Enzymes
  3. Specific proteins
  4. Diabetes maker
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8
Q

Listening of internal body sounds. The reason of performing such is to examine not just the circulatory system, but also the respiratory system and even the gastrointestinal system.

[history]

A

Auscultation

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9
Q

This happens when you apply light pressure using your fingers in order to check or inspect the body.

[history]

A

Palpation

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10
Q

Father of Medicine - urine examination to diagnose disease.

A

Hippocrates

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11
Q

His methods of choice includes TASTING OF THE PATIENT’S OF URINE, observing/checking the person’s appearance for physical attributes for signs or clinical manifestations, and also by performing auscultation for lungs to detect certain respiratory diseases.

A

Hippocrates

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12
Q

In addition, he also made connection between the appearance of puss as well as the blood in the urine in the presence of disease.

A

Hippocrates

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13
Q

“Few and scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on the vital mysteries”.

A

Dublin physician Robert James Graves (1796 - 1853)

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14
Q

He first described the classic symptoms of exophthalmic goiter (now called Graves’ disease), a thyroid disorder.

A

Dublin physician Robert James Graves (1796-1853)

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15
Q

now called Graves’ disease.

A

Exophthalmic goiter

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16
Q

“Clinicians use their chemistry laboratory services only when needed for “luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture.”

A

Max Josef von Pettenkofer (1818 - 1901)

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17
Q

Coined and used the term “Clinical Chemistry” as the title of his 1883 treatise.

A

Charles Henry Ralfe (1842 - 1896)

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18
Q

The first laboratory attached to a hospital was established.

A

Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen [1886] Munich, Germany

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19
Q

A physician and professor of Chemistry at University of Gottingen.

A

Friedrich Wohler

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20
Q

Disproved the Vital Force Theory by Berzelius.

A

Friedrich Wohler

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21
Q

States that organic compounds could not be synthesized in the laboratory or in vitro and only exclusive for living animals or living things. In simple words, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE FOR LOIVING THINGS ONLY.

A

Vital Force Theory

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22
Q

A clinical laboratory is defined as any facility that performs laboratory testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease, or impairment of or assessment of health.

A

CLIA 1988

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23
Q

[2] Levels of Regulations

A
  1. Waived tests
  2. Non-waived tests
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24
Q

Simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the U.S.

[levels of regulations]

A

Waived tests

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25
Pose no reasonable risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly. [levels of regulations]
Waived tests
26
Cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for home or professional use. [levels of regulation]
Waived tests
27
Method of monitoring accurate outcome: [levels of regulations]
Non-waived
28
There are test samples that are coming from outside factors (reference laboratory) that will be delivered to your laboratory. [levels of regulations]
Non-waived tests
29
These are regulated under guidelines that cover quality standards for proficiency testing (PT), patient test management, quality control, personnel qualifications, and quality assurance. [levels of regulations]
Non - waived
30
Needs operatory skill to perform and interpret, requirement of reagent preparation. [levels of regulations]
Non - waived
31
Act regulating the operation and maintenance of clinical laboratories. [r.a]
R.A 4688
32
Revised rules and regulations governing the Licensing and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories. [a.o]
A.O NO. 2007 - 0027
33
Implementation of External Quality Assessment Program. [dm]
DM NO. 2009 - 0086
34
Republic Act 4688 [date]
June 18, 1966
35
Register and secure a license annually at the office of the Secretary of Health. [sec] [r.a 4688]
Sec 1
36
SUPERVISED BY: Licensed physician duly qualified in laboratory medicine and authorized by the Secretary of Health. [sec] [r.a 4688]
Sec 2
37
VIOLATION: Imprisonment 1 month to than 1 year Fine: Php1000.00 - Php5000.00 [sec] [r.a 4688]
Sec 4
38
A.O 2007 - 0027 [date]
August 22, 2007
39
Aims to set the guidelines and the minimum standards and Administrative Order No. 2007-0027-A requirements for licensing primary care facilities.
Administrative order Sep 26 2020 No. 2020 - 0047
40
[2] Classification by ownership
1. Government 2. Private
41
Operated and maintained, partially or wholly, by the national government, a local government unit (provincial, city or municipal), any other political unit or any department, division, board or agency. [classification by ownership]
Government
42
Owned, established and operated by any individual, corporation, association or organization. [classification by ownership]
Private
43
[2] Classification by Function
1. Clinical pathology 2. Anatomic Pathology
44
[2] Classification by Institutional Character
1. Institution bases 2. Freestanding
45
A laboratory that operates within the premises and as part of an institution, such as but not limited to hospital, medical clinic, school, medical facility for overseas and seafarers, birthing home, psychiatric facility, drug rehabilitation center. [classification by institutional character]
Institutions based
46
A laboratory that does not form part of any other institution. [classification by institutional character]
Free institution
47
[2] Classification by Service Capability
1. General Clinical Laboratory 2. Special Clinical Laboratory
48
A laboratory that offers highly specialized laboratory services that are usually not provided by a general clinical laboratory. [classification by service capability]
Special Clinical Laboratory
49
Provides the following minimum service capabilities. [general clinical laboratory]
Primary category
50
Provides the minimum service capabilities of a primary category laboratory. [general clinical laboratory]
Secondary category
51
Provides the minimum service capabilities of a secondary category laboratory. [general clinical laboratory]
Tertiary category
52
(for institution-based only) Provides the laboratory tests required for a particular service in institutions such as but not limited to dialysis centers and social hygiene clinics. [general clinical laboratory]
Limited service capability
53
Department Memorandum No. 2009 - 0086 [date]
February 3, 2009
54
[2] Quality Assurance Program
1. Internal QAP 2. External QAP
55
Covers inputs, processes, and outputs as well as practice of continuous Quality Improvement Program covering all aspects of laboratory performance. [QAP]
Internal QAP
56
It is the determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of something.
Measurement
57
Related to the actual test value. [components of quantitative laboratory results]
Number
58
Defines the physical quantity or dimension, such as mass, length, time or volume. [components of quantitative laboratory results]
Units
59
SI means
Système International D'Unités
60
Adopted internationally in 1960.
Système International D'Unités (SI)
61
Preferred in scientific literature and clinical laboratories.
Système International D'Unités (SI)
62
The only system employed in many countries.
Système International D'Unités (SI)
63
[2] Sub-classification of SI System
1. Basic units 2. Derived units
64
Length (meter), mass (kilogram), and quantity of a substance (mole). [sub-classification of SI system]
Basic units
65
It is a derivative or a mathematical function describing one of the basic units. An example of a SI derived unit is meters per second (m/s), used to express velocity. [sub-classification of SI system]
Derived units
66
HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, and Sexually-Transmitted Disease. [national ref. lab]
San Lazaro Hospital
67
Environmental and Occupational Health; Toxicology and Micronutrient Assay [national ref. lab]
East Avenue Medical Center
68
Hematology including Immunohematology. [national ref. lab]
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
69
Anatomic Pathology and Biochemistry [national ref. lab]
Lung Center of the Philippines
70
Clinical methods for phosphorus & magnesium. [discoverer]
1918 - 1920 — Otto Folin
71
Various urine analytes determination. [discoverer]
1918 - 1920 — Otto Folin
72
Relationship of NPN to renal function. [discoverer]
1918 - 1920 — Otto Folin
73
Folin - Ciocalteau reagent for protein determination. [discoverer]
1918 - 1920 — Otto Folin
74
Clinical methods for various enzymes. [discoverer]
1930 — Beckman Company
75
Refractometer - used in order to measure protein in urine. [discoverer]
1930 — Beckman Company
76
pH meter –measures the acidity and alkalinity fluids [discoverer]
1930 — Beckman Company
77
Used in order to measure proteins in urine.
Refractometer
78
Measures the acidity and alkalinity fluids.
pH meter
79
Photoelectric colorimeters – for reading certain color reactions for chemistry analysis. [discoverer]
1940 — Beckman Company
80
Vacuum collection tubes. [year]
1940
81
Establishment of College of American Pathologist (CAP) and American Association for Clinical Chemistry (ACCC) [year]
1940
82
For reading certain color reactions for chemistry analysis.
Photoelectric colorimeters
83
Shewhart QC chart [discoverer]
1950 — Levey and Jennings
84
Clinical methods for several enzymes which are organ specific. [discoverer]
1950 — Levey and Jennings
85
Method for blood triglycerides. [discoverer]
1950 — Levey and Jennings
86
Autoanalyzer with Flame Photometry principle [discoverer]
1950 — Technicon Corporation
87
Introduced Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) –used for determination of calcium and magnesium
1960 — Perkin Elmer
88
Used for determination of calcium and magnesium.
Introduced Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
89
Introduced disposable needle & syringe. [discoverer]
1960 — Becton Dickinson
90
Introduced disk storage for computers. [discoverer]
1960m — IBM
91
First CC random access analyzer. [discoverer]
1960m — DuPont
92
“Clinical Chemistry is the largest subdiscipline of Laboratory Medicine which is a multidisciplinary medical and scientific specialty with several interacting subdisciplines, such as hematology, immunology, clinical biochemistry, and others…”
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC)
93
CLIA stands for
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
94
BLOOD TYPING- for hospital based. [general clinical lab]
Primary category
95
Routine Fecalysis and Routine Urinalysis [general clinical lab]
Primary category
96
Qualitative Platelet Determination [general clinical lab.]
Primary category
97
ROUTINE HEMATOLOGY- Complete Blood Count- includes Hemoglobin Mass Concentration, Hematocrit, WBC, Differential count. [general clinical lab.]
Primary category
98
ROUTINE CLINICAL CHEMISTRY- includes Blood Glucose Substance Concentration, Blood Urea Nitrogen concentration, Blood Uric Acid Substance Concentration, Blood Creatinine Concentration, Blood Total Cholesterol Concentration. [general clinical lab.]
Secondary category
99
Quantitative Platelet Determination [general clinical lab.]
Secondary category
100
CROSSMATCHING - for hospital based [general clinical lab.]
Secondary category
101
GRAM STAINING - for hospital based [general clinical lab.]
Secondary category
102
KOH - for hospital based [general clinical lab.]
Secondary category
103
SPECIAL CHEMISTRY- Electrolytes, Amylase, HBA1C, [general clinical lab.]
Tertiary category
104
SPECIAL HEMATOLOGY- including coagulation procedures. [general clinical lab.]
Tertiary category
105
IMMUNOLOGY [general clinical lab.]
Tertiary category
106
MICROBIOLOGY- culture and sensitivity
Tertiary category
107
Covers inputs, processes, and outputs as well as practice of continuous Quality Improvement Program covering all aspects of laboratory performance.
Internal Quality Assurance Program (QAP)
108
A clinical laboratory is required to participate in the National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) administered by the designated National Reference Laboratories.
External Quality Assurance Program
CCHM 1 (lec)
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