BONE-01

Question 1

(Endochondral vs. Intramembranous ossification)

1. what is the process of bone formation in which cartilage is replaced by bone (e.g., long bones, such as femur and humerus)?
2. Formation of bone on, or in, fibrous connective tissue (e.g., flat bones of the skull)

Answer 1

1. endochondral ossification
2. intramembranous ossification

Question 2

REgions of Long Bone

should know this - she puts on exam sometimes

Question 3

(Diseases of Bone and Cartilage)

(Abnormalities of Development)

(Generalized Developmental Disturbances)

1-3. what are three?

4. all have a what basis?

Answer 3

1. chrondrodysplasias
2. osteopetrosis
3. osterogenesis imperfecta
4. genetic basis

Question 4

(Generalized Developmental Disorders)

1. Many are reflections of cartilaginous disorder - these are known as what?
2. most of these are characterized by what?
3. Distinguish from what?

Answer 4

1. condrodysplasias
2. disproportionate dwarfism (normal body length but short limbs)
3. primordial dwarfism

Question 5

(Primordial Dwarfism)

1. proportionate?
2. recessive character fixed by what?
3. well known in what?
4. Some disproportionate dwarfs are classified as breeds - which ones?
5. are chondrodysplastic disorders proportionate?

Answer 5

1. yes
2. selection
3. cattle and dogs

(often classified as distinct breed - mini poodle, mini schnauzer)

4. pekingnese, basset hound, dachsund
5. no (dachsund for example)

Question 6

(Chondrodysplasias)

(Cattle)

1. can it be lethal?
2. what is a name for this disorder?
3. clinical signs?
4. likely mutation in what?

Answer 6

1. yes
2. Dexter bulldog
3. Cranium domed; Short head with retruded face, projecting mandible (brachygnathia superior/prognathia inferior), and normal tongue; Short, rotated limbs (micromelia) and large umbilical hernia.
4. affrecan gene

Question 7

(Chondrodyspasias)

(Cattle)

(Snorter type - Brachycephalic)

1. lethal?
2. common in what?
3. genetics?
4. hetero presentation?
5. homo presentation?

Answer 7

1. nonlethal
2. beef breeds (esp Herefords)
3. autosomal recessive
4. short legged compact
5. skeletal and visceral anomalies

Short, broad head; bulging forehead; protrusion
of upper jaw (prognathia superior) prominent and laterally displaced eyes


(She will not ask us to list clnical signs… but will give them to us in case examples - so just get general idea of them)

Question 8

1. associate this with abnormalities of what

Answer 8

abnormalities of growth plate - what you see in homo

Question 9

(Chondrodyspalias)

(Sheep)

1. what kind of chondrodylspasia?
2. genetics?
3. what breeds?

4 fatal?

5. characterized by what?
6. what develops?

Answer 9

1. spider lamb chondrodysplasia
2. auto recessive
3. suffolk and hampshire
4. can be aborted, still birth, or alive
5. long, thin angular legs (tall, finely boned, poorly muscled lambs)

Small heads, scoliosis, sternal deformity, “knock
knees” (valgus deformity - lateral spread - (varus in medial spread)

6. severe degenerative athropathy

Question 10

(Spider Lamb Chondrodysplasia)

1. Single base change in what?
2. What is FGFR3?

Answer 10

1. tyrosine kinase domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)
2. negative regulator of bone growth

important role in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiaton during endochondral ossification

(In spider lambs, the FGFR3 mutation induces elongation of bones forming by endochondral ossification by removing the FGFR3-induced inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation)



Question 11

(Chondrodysplasias)

(Dogs)

1. in several breeds - what are most common?
2. body ratio?
3. loss of normal cone shape of what?
4. enlarged carpal joints with lateral or medial deviation of paws?
5. best time for radiographic diagnosis?

Answer 11

1. Alaskan malamute and Norwegian elkhound
2. disproportionate (short limb - normal body)
3. distal ulnar metaphysis
4. lateral
5. between 4 and 12 weeks

Question 12

Dog chondrodyspasia

Answer 12

epiphysis

why is the head normal?

cause its intramembranous

Question 13

(Osteopetrosis)

1. affects what?
2. genetics?
3. characterized by what?

Answer 13

1. cattle, peruvian paso horses, humans (can probably happen in any)

(Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Simmental, Holstein)

2. autosomal recessive
3. accumulation of 1o and 2o spongiosa (basically bone) in marrow space due to defective osteoclastic resorption of minearlized tissue

Question 14

(Osteropetrosis)

1. affected calves look like what?
2. clinical signs?
3. what happen to diaphyses? bones?

Answer 14

1. small, premature, usually stillborn
2. Brachygnathia inferior, sloping forehead, impacted molars, and protruding tongue
3. Diaphyses narrow; bones fragile

Question 15

(Osteogenesis Imperfecta)

1. how common in domestic?
2. calves, lambs, puppies, kittens
3. important in what?
4. what happens to bone?
5. important to distinguish this disease from what?

Answer 15

1. rare
2. humans (most common inherited connective tissue disorder)
3. fragile and fracture under physiologic pressure
4. abuse

Question 16

(Osteogenesis Imperfecta)

1. genetics?
2. due mainly to mutations in what? lead to what?
3. multiple fractures, joint laxity (hypermotility), defective dentin (fragile teeth), blue sclera (why?)
4. thin cortex, wide marrow cavity
5. growth plates?

Answer 16

1. inherited, may be auto dom
2. genes coding for type 1 collagen –> altered quality of collagen or reduced amount (type 1 collagen is only collagen of bone and tendon)
3. type 1 collagen in sclera
4. normal

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

Question 19

(Localized Developmental Disturbances)

(Polydactylia)

1. increase in number of digits
2. in what?
3. in what breed of dog?

Answer 19

2. all species, esp cats, dogs, horses, cattle (Ernest Hemingway’s cats)
3. Norwegian Lundehund (NKC requires 6 toes/foot!)

AKC has same requirement for Great Pyrenes dogs

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

(Localized Developmenal Disturbances)

1. absence of digits = ?
2. fusion of digits = ?

Answer 22

1. adactylia
2. syndactylia

Question 23

(Localized Developmental Disturbances)

(Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy)

1. aka what?
2. Incoordination and locomotor disturbances
3. Morphological or functional stenosis (narrowing) of what?
4. Compression/ stretching of what?

Answer 23

1. wobbles, equine incoordination, equine sensory ataxia
2. vertebral canal
3. cervical spinal cord secondary to vertebral malformation

Question 24

(Localized Developmental Disturbances)

(Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy)

1-2. Divided into two types - give type + what each is

Answer 24

1. cervical verterbral instabiliity

(narrowing of spinal canal during flexion of neck)

2. Cervical Static Stenosis

(less common, neck position is immaterial)

Question 25

(Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy) 1. ataxia, with forelimbs less severly involved (wobbly gait) 2. onset? 3. lesions confined to what in primary - secondary? 4. cause is unclear 5. many horses also have lesions of what?

Answer 25

2. insidious 3. spinal column (primary) cord (secondary) she asks this as a test question! 5. osteochondrosis

Question 26

(Localized Developmental Disorders) (Wobbler syndrome in Dogs) 1. similar to condition in horses 2. in what kind of dogs? 3. sex pre? 4. age of onset? 5. what happens to spinal cord? 6. funnel shaped vertebral canal, anterior stenosis

Answer 26

2. great dane and doberman 3. males 4. weeks to years 5. compression or stretching

Question 27

case at 45:00 - don't think I have slides for this...