BONE-04

Question 1

Question 2

(Luxations and subluxations)

1. what is complete dislocation of a joint?
2. What is partial dislocation of a joint

(patellar luxations)

1. common in what?
2. most associated with what?
3. how acquired?
4. Uni- or bilateral; medial or lateral or both

which is most common?

5. Lateral luxations tend to occur in what?

Answer 2

1. luxation
2. subluxation
3. dogs
4. anatomical defects
5. inherited (polygenic)
6. medial luxations (75%)

most comin small dogs

5. larger dogs and some giant breeds

Question 3

(Luxations and subluxations)

(Patellar luxation in horses)

1. how common compared to dogs?
2. almmost always occurs in what direction?

Associated with hypoplasia of what?

(Patellar luxations are rare in other species)

Answer 3

1. less
2. lateral

lateral ridge of femoral trochlea

Question 4

(Hip Dysplasia)

1. in what animals?
2. Acetabular dysplasia may be more accurate
3. how acquired?
4. rapid growth rate
5. May be a manifestation of what?
6. obvious at birth?

Answer 4

1. Large dogs; less common in cattle; rare in other species (exception is Norwegian Dole horse)
2. Inherited (polygenic), with modification by environment
3. osteochondrosis
4. No - Normal at birth; Definitive radiographic evidence may not occur until after one year of age; earlier in severe disease.

Question 5

(Hip Dysplasia)

1. Initial microscopic lesions may be seen as early as when?
2. Earliest radiographic abnormality (present by 7 weeks of age) is what?
3. Acetabulum becomes shallow, distorted and wide
4. Drift of capital femoral epiphysis with remodeling of what?

Answer 5

1. 30 days
2. retarded development of craniodorsal acetabular rim
3. femoral neck

Question 6

(Hip Dyslplasia)

1. Degenerative changes may be present by when?
2. what may develop over time (osteoarthrosis)?
3. Lesions?

Answer 6

1. 5-8 months
2. Advanced degenerative joint disease
3.  Osteophytes

 Cartilage ulceration
 Eburnation of bone
 Distortion of acetabulum, head, and neck of femur


Question 7

(Hip Dyspaisa in Cattle)

1. how acquired?
2. sex pre?
3. genetics?
4. Herefords and other beef breeds
5. Pathologic changes similar to those in dogs

Answer 7

1. inheritied
2. only males
3. Recessive and sex limited inheritance

Question 8

(Arthrogryposis)

1. what is it?
2. cause?
3. Link between arthrogryposis and lesions caused by what?
4. what appears to be critically important to the development of arthrogryposis?

Answer 8

1. Persistent flexure or contracture of a joint

(May involve only one or two limbs)

2. unclear
3. arrest or delay of neural tube closure (dysraphism)
4. Loss of motion of fetus during development

(Cleft palate, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, kyphosis, torticollis)

Question 9

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(A. Synovial (diarthrodial/movable) joints)

(Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthrosis/itis))

1. how common?
2. driven by inflammation?
3. Joint fluid initially normal
4. Chronicity leads to what?
5. Any insult that produces structural injury to joint cartilage or subchondral bone or that is associated with prolonged or repetitive abnormal joint function

Answer 9

1. common
2. no
3. joint deterioration

Question 10

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(Degenerative Joint Disease)

(primary anthropathies)

1. cause?

(secondary arthropathies)

2. secondary to what?

Answer 10

1. unknown

 Examples in animals:
 Ringbone, spavin, and navicular disease  Arthropathy of canine shoulder
 Arthropathy of the bovine stifle

2. known cause

 Examples in animals
 Osteochondrosis  Previous trauma

Question 11

(Degenerative Joint Disease)

1. Which joints usually the first to show degenerative changes and are most severely affected
2. In individual joints, what areas of catilage are most vulnerable?

Answer 11

1. Larger
2. the areas of cartilage that bear the most stress are the most vulnerable

Question 12

(Degenerative Joint Disease)

(Lesions)

1. Fibrillation, clefting, and loss of articular cartilage
2. Increased thickness of what?
3. Osteophytes - which is what?
4. Thickened joint capsule (fibrous tissue) with synovial proliferation

Answer 12

2. subchondral bone (eburnation)
3. (increased size of joint)

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

(1. Ringbone, spavin, navicular disease)
1. common disorders of what
2. All develop where?
3. Ringbone involves what joint?
4. Bone spavin involves what joint?
5. Navicular disease centered in what bones?

Answer 15

1. horses
2. at site of high or sustained mechanical loading
3. interphalangeal joints (high ringbone proximal; low ringbone distal)
4. intertarsal joints
5. navicular bones

Question 16

Ringbone, spavin, navicular disease

1-3. What are the Common pathological findings in all 3 conditions?

Answer 16

– Full thickness necrosis of cartilage covering
bone surfaces at sites of sustained
compression

– Remodeling of subjacent subchondral bone

– Penetration of cartilage by granulation tissue arising from remodeling response in the subchondral bone

Question 17

(Ringbone, spavin, navicular disease)

1. may Fibrous or bony joint union may occur?
2. May be initiated by repeated episodes of minor trauma and mechanical stresses from faulty conformation



Answer 17

Question 18

(2. Arthropathy of Canine Shoulder)
1. Common in what age dog?
2. bilateral lesions, develop slowly
3. What area of the humeral head?
4. Cartilage ulceration, eburnation of bone, thickeningof joint capsule, and villous proliferation of synovium
5. osteophytes
6. dogs bear how much weight on forelegs?
7. Lesion in same location as OC; pathogenesis different

Answer 18

1. (80%) in middle-aged and old dogs
2. posterior central articular area
3. 65-70%

Question 19

(Arthropathy of Bovine Stifle)

1. in what?

inherited in what?

2. see what in mature cows?
3. bi or unilateral?
4. cartilage degeneration, bone eburnation, and oseophyte development
5. most severe where?

Answer 19

1. dairy cow

holsteins and jerseys

2. lameness and muscle atrophy
3. bi
4. medial aspect of distal femur

Question 20

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(Catilaginous Joints)

(1. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration)
1. nucleus pulposus (remnant of notochord)
2. annulus fibrosus (lamellated fibrous ring)
3. What are the most common cause of spinal pain, paresis, and paraplegia in dogs?
4. affected animals are usually what age/sex?

Answer 20

3. prolapsed disks
4. males, 3-6 yrs

Question 21

case at 31:52!

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(Catilaginous Joints)

(1. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration) cont
1. In chondrodystrophoid breeds (dachsund, Pekingese), nucleus pulposus degenerates and replaced by what?

This change increases likelihood that what will occur?

what also degenerates?

Prolapses caused by complete rupture of what?

Answer 21

1. cartilaginous tissue (1 year of age)

protrusion

Annulus fibrosus

annulus fibrosus and are usually massive

Question 22

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(Catilaginous Joints)

(1. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration) cont
1. In nonchondrodystrophoid breeds, initial changes occur when?

consist of fissures in what?

2. After middle age, what happens to the nucleus?
3. get prolapses associated with what?

Answer 22

1. later in life

annulus fibrosus (nucleus pulposus normal)

2. nucleus is toughened by deposition of collagen, followed by degeneration and necrosis
3. partial rupture of annulus and bulging of dorsal surface disk

Question 23

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(Catilaginous Joints)

(1. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration) cont
1. Spinal pain, paresis, and paraplegia
2. What breed 10-12X more likely to get?

Answer 23

2. daschunds (also beagles, cockers, and Pekingnese)

Question 24

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints)

(Catilaginous Joints)

(1. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration) cont
1. Most displacements occur in what direction?
2. Most disc disease involves what regions of spine (by 3-4x)?

(thoracic spine)

3. less mobile than other parts of vertebral column
4. conjugal ligaments connect heads of ribs

Answer 24

1. dorsally (dorsal part of annulus fibrosus is thinner than the ventral)
2. thoracolumbar and cervical

Question 25

(II. Degenerative Diseases of Joints) (Catilaginous Joints) (1. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration) cont SHE ISN:T GOING TO ASK ABOUT THIS 1. In begales, what protrusions are most frequent? 2. in cockers? 3. Most dogs with dorsal disk protrusios show evidence of what?

Answer 25

1. cervical 2. about equal 3. localized spinal cord injury

Question 26

(II. Degenerative Joint Disease) (B. Cartilagenous Joints) (Spondylosis (ankylosing spondylosis)) just read about this... so don't study

Answer 26

Question 27

(III. Inflammatory Diseases of Joints) (A. General Considerations) 1. is arthritis and inflammatory disease? 2. Primary and initiating disease process centered where? driven _from onset_ by what? 3. infectious or noninfectious? (SHE ALWAYS ASKS A QUESTION ABOUT THIS SLIDE!!!)

Answer 27

1. YES! 2. in walls of capillaries mediators of inflammation 3. either

Question 28

(III. Inflammatory Diseases of Joints) (B. Infectious Arthritis) THIS MAY BE THE SLIDE SHE WAS GOING TO ASK A QUESTION ABOUT! 1. can happen in what three ways 2. In dogs and cats is usually what? 3. In farm animals, usually what?

Answer 28

1. hematogenous, direct extension, penetrating wound 2. monoarticular, caused by penetrating wounds, and invovles adolescent or older animals 3. polyarticular, hematogenous, and affects neonates

Question 29

Infectious Arthritis 1. hematogenous arthritis initially what? 2. inflammation subsides in many joints, profresses in others 3. which joints are particularly susceptible to progreessive development of inflammation? 3. inflammation is usually what (in terms of exudate)?

Answer 29

1. polyarticular 2. large joints (bilateral involvement) 3. serofibrinous

Question 30

Infectious Arthritis 1. Many causes of infectious arthritis (streptocooci, coliforms, lentiviruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia, etc.) 2. Lameness, swelling of joints, +/- fever, signs involving other organ systems 3. do what to reveal pathogen?

Answer 30

3. culture it

Question 31

(III. Inflammatory Diseases of Joints) (C. Miscellaneous Inflammatory Lesions) (Bursitis) 1. is what? – Capped elbow and capped hock (serous) – Carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle – Fistulous withers (supraspinous bursa) and poll evil (atlantal bursa) 4. tendency to produce what onto the skin? 5. infections probably hemotogenous - what is most common isolate?

Answer 31

1. inflammation of a bursa 4. fistulae 5. strep zooepidemicus

Question 32

(Miscellaneous Inflammatory Lesions) (Diskospondylitis) 1. what is it? 2. dogs and pigs 3. usually due to what? 4. gray areas of discoloration and disruption 5. what occurs in late disease?

Answer 32

2. intervertebral disk inflammation with osteomyelitis of contiguous vertebrae 3. bacteria 5. complete destruction

Question 33

III. Inflammatory Diseases of Joints D. Noninfectious Arthritis 1. mediated by what? 2. Either centered in synovium or centered elsewhere in body 3. similar morphologic pattern of joint destruction as what? 4. how to differentiate? 5. what two morphologic patterns?

Answer 33

1. immunologically mediated 3. infectious arthritis 4. infectious joint fluid contains toxic neutrophils 5. erosive vs. nonerosive

Question 34

(Erosive arthritis) 1. classical example is what? 2. similar disease occurs in what? 3. Episodes of anorexia, depression, and fever with generalized or shifting lameness associated with swelling around joints 4. clinical course is progressive

Answer 34

1. rheumatoid arthritis 2. small dogs

Question 35

(IV. Tumors of Joints) 1. do neoplasms of articular cartilage occur? 2. neoplasms of synovial structures?

Answer 35

1. no 2. yes - but uncommon  Present as soft-tissue masses in the region of joints  Lameness  Difficult to remove; often recur; may metastasize