BONE-02

Question 1

(Metabolic Diseases of Bones)

(Hormonal Influences)

(thyroid hormones)

1. effect on cartilage growth
2. what retards?
3. what accelerates?

Answer 1

2. hypothyroidism
3. hyperthyroidism

Question 2

Answer 2

abnormal grwoth plate

has hypothyroid - growth plates should closed long time ago

Question 3

(Metabolic Diseases of Bones)

(hormonal influences)

(gonads)

1. estrogens and androgens affect growing skeleton
2. accelerate what?
3. hypogonadism –> ?
4. hypergonadism –> ?

Answer 3

2. epiphyseal closure
3. edlayed epiphyseal fusion
4. premature fusion and maturation of skeleton

(Gonadal hormones also are important regulators of bone mass in adults)

Question 4

(Metabolic Diseases of Bones)

(Hormonal Influences)

(adrenal cortex)

1. Hyperadrenocorticism commonly causes what in humans and dogs?
2. Effects vary with species, exposure, and source of compound
3. effect on bone formation and amount produced?

Answer 4

1. osteoporosis
2. reduced both

Question 5

(Metabolic Diseases of Bones)

1. What is decreased amount of bone tissue in skeleton?
2. What is disease in which osteopenia leads to fractures?

imbalance between what?

how much for radiograph detection?

mainly what kind of bone?

how are trabeculae affected?

Answer 5

1. osteopenia
2. osteoporosis

formation and resorption

30% bone loss

mainly cancellous (vs. cortical)

reduced in number/size

Question 6

osteoclasts - multinucleated cells - originate from blood monocytes - resorption of bone matrix

black is minearlized bone, blue is unmineralized

osteoblasts are bone forming

interconnections between trabeculae are permanently lost

(this is all referring to osteoporosis by the way)

Answer 6

Question 7

(Osteoporosis/osteopenia)

1. common lesion in animals - usually what in origin?
2. due to starvation, disuse, old age (senile osteoporosis), intestinal parasitism
3. deficiencies in what?

Answer 7

1. nutritional
2. calcium and copper

Question 8

osteoporosis in sheep

Question 9

(Metabolic Diseases of Bone)

(Rickets)

1. disease of what?
2. caused by deficiency of what?
3. Basic lesions are what?
4. both matrices accumulate
5. IMPORTANT FOR EXAM - will only see this in growing indicivudal - not adults

Answer 9

1. growing bones
2. phosphorous or vitamin D
3. failure of minearlization of osteod and cartilaginous matrix

Question 10

(Rickets)

1. Increased depth of physis and distortion of metaphyses and epiphyses
2. gross skeletal deformities?
3. cortex?
4. spinal deformities in common
5. joint enlargement
6. rachitic metaphysis (esp costochondral junction)

Answer 10

2. somteimes
3. is soft, with curvature and fracture

Question 11

(Rickets)

1. how long for histological changes to heal?
2. disease in pigs may be what?

can be caused due to what?

3. in puppies and kittens simlar t what?
4. crias (alpacas and llamas)

Answer 11

1. rapdily
2. florid (rapid growth and weaned early)

Inadequate sunlight and lack of vitamin D in commercial feeds (mixing errors)

3. pigs

Question 12

case at 20:40

(Hyperparathyroid Disorders)

(Osteodystrophia fibrosa (fibrous osteodystrophy; FOD))

1. excessive what?
2. caused by what?
3. Primary is what?
4. Secondary (nutritional or renal) is what?

Answer 12

1. osteoclastic resorption of bone and formation of fibro-osseous tissue
2. prolonged/excessive secretion of PTH
3. parathyroid hyperplasia/neoplasia

nutritional or metabolic derangements that lower plasma ionized calcium and increase PTH

Question 13

(Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism)

1. What is it?
2. each of these causes what?
3. disease limited to what animals?

not what?

why?

4. High plasma phosphate depresses ionized calcium and thereby does what?

Answer 13

1. Deficiencies of dietary calcium and/or vitamin D, and excess dietary phosphorus
2. hypocalcemia
3. young, rapidly growing animals

(with exception of horses - can also get when old)

Horses are sensitive to effects of high
phosphorus diets; resistant to diets low in P

4. stimultaes release of PTH

Question 14

(Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism)

(Horses)

1. lesions may be most severe where?
2. caused by what sorts of diets?
3. Gait changes, stiffness, shifting lameness, Loss of appetite, cachexia, anemia, Swelling of jaws, High susceptibility to fractures
4. increased osteoclasts which cause what?

Answer 14

1. upper face and mandible (big head)
2. grain, corn, and grain by- products such as bran (“bran disease”)
3. fibrous replacement of bone

Question 15

(Nutritional Hyperparathryoidism)

1. occurs in what age of swine?

due to what?

2. Disease in dogs and cats is fulminating

begins a few weeks after weaning

caused by what diets?

loss of lamina dura due to resorptoin of alveolar bone around tteth

3. new world monkeys and iguanas

Answer 15

1. young, growing

Unsupplemented grain rations

2. diets of meat or offal

Question 16

nutritional hyperparathyroidism

Answer 16

Question 17

(Renal Osteodystrophy)

1. fibrous osteodystrophy in what?
2. well known in what species?
3. retention of phosphate due to what?
4. reduced plasma ionized calcium stimulates what?

Answer 17

1. chronic renal failure
2. dogs (unknown in others)
3. reduced glomerular filtration
4. PTH release

Question 18

(Metabolic Diseases of Bones)

(I guess we are skipping this…. or she told us to read anyway)

(Scurvy)

1. disease of primates and guinea pigs that occurs sedonary to what?
2. vitamin C is required for what?
3. With deficiency get what?

Answer 18

1. lack of vit C (ascorbic acid)
2. hydroxylation of proline and lysine (essential for collagen formation)
3. less collagen production and increased fragility and degradation

Question 19

(III. Degenerative Diseases of Bones)

(Fractures)

1. Fracture of a bone that initially is normal called what?
2. Fracture occurring in response to mild physiologic stress (bone structure altered by disease; strength reduced) called what?

Answer 19

1. traumatic
2. pathologic (spontaneous)

Question 20

(Repair of a closed, complete fracture)

1. blood clot
2. organization of what?
3. production of what?
4. remodeling of what?
5. remodeling of what?

Answer 20

2. clot
3. callus (woven bone)
4. callus (osteoclastic bone resorption and lamellar bone resportiob)
5. callus (replaced by lamellar bone)

Process takes months or years depending on site and age

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

(Complications of Fracture Repair)

1. what are three?
2. Pseudoarthrosis - which is what?
3. premature closure of growth plate - skeletal deformities

Answer 22

1. Misalignment, infection, necrosis
2. nonosseous union; permits continued mobility at fracture site

Question 23

Complications of fracture repair

(osteosis)

1. aka what?
2. most common cause is what?
3. characterized histologically by death and dissapearance of what?

Answer 23

1. bone necrosis
2. ischemia (often secondary to trauma with fracture)
3. osteocytes (many of the osteocyte lacunae are empty)

Question 24

(Complications of fracture repair)

(Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease)

1. necrosis/collapse of what?
2. exclusively in what?
3. Lameness of insidious onset, 4-8 months of age
4. Osteonecrosis initiated by what?
5. may lead to collapse of what?
6. what is long term outcome?

Answer 24

1. femoral capital epiphysis
2. small dogs
3. episodes of ischemia
4. femoral head
5. degenerative anthropathy

Question 25

Inflammatory Diseases of Bones 1. inflammation of bone = ? 2. periostios = ? 3. osteomyelitis = ? 4. what is common location of infections?

Answer 25

1. osteitis 2. inflammation of periosteum - membrance that covers bone 3. inflammation of bone 4. metaphyseal -Capillaries make sharp loops – Endothelial gaps permit bacterial exit – Loops lack anastomoses – Sluggish circulation and inefficient phagocytes 

Question 26

Inflammatory Diseases of Bone Actinomycosis 1. caused by what? 2. disease of what? 3. classic lesion is what? 4. Direct extension, foreign bodies, periodontitis 5. Periosteal proliferation

Answer 26

1. actinomyces bovis (Gram-positive, branching filamentous organism) 2. cattle 3. mandibular osteomyelitis (lumpy jaw); maxilla rarely involved

Question 27