Bones Upper Extremity

Question 1

What does the appendicular skeleton contain

Answer 1

Shoulder girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb

Question 2

What does the axial skeleton contain

Answer 2

Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs

Question 3

Where does the shoulder girdle attach to the axial skeleton

Answer 3

Strernoclavicular joint

Question 4

What are characteristics of the shoulder girdle

Answer 4

Weak and unstable
Mobile

Question 5

What is the scapulothoracic rhythm

Answer 5

170/180° of adbuction (2:1 ratio)
• Glenohumeral (GH) movement 2°
• Scapular (ST) movement 1°
• Clavicle movement 30°

Question 6

What are characteristics of the clavicle

Answer 6

• Double curved bone
• Articulates with manubrium (Sternum)
• Sternal end – large, round
• Acromial end – flat
• Medial curve – convex anteriorly
• Lateral curve – concave anteriorly
• One of the most fractured bones
• Shoulder “drops” when fractured

Question 7

What are characteristics of the scapula

Answer 7

• Flat, triangular shaped bone
• Posterior thoracic wall (T2-T7 ribs)
• Lateral border thicker – muscle attachments
• Inferior angle (T7)
• Glenoid fossa (head of humerus)
• Coracoid process (ligament / muscle attachments)
• Scapular spine
• Medial – T3
• Lateral – Acromion process

Question 8

What are the 3 major depressions of the scapula

Answer 8

Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa

Question 9

What is special about the scapula (3)

Answer 9

Does not articulate with axial skeleton
Sesamoid bone
Seldom fractured

Question 10

Explain the sternoclavicular (SC) joint

Answer 10

• SYNOVIAL “GLIDING” JOINT
• Articular Disc (FIBROCARTILAGE)
• Anterior and Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligaments
• Costoclavicular ligament (1st rib)
• Interclavicular ligament (Suprasternal notch)

Question 11

What does every diarthrosis joint has

Answer 11

Articular joint capsule
Ligament

Question 12

Explain the acromioclavicular (AC) joint

Answer 12

• SYNOVIAL GLIDING JOINT
• Very little movement
• Sometimes Fibrocartilage Disc
• Making it more of an Amphiarthrodial joint
• Common site of injury
• Superior & Inferior Acromioclavicular ligaments
• Coracoclavicular ligament
• TRAPEZOID ligament
• CONOID ligament

Question 13

Explain the glenohumeral joint

Answer 13

• One of three shoulder joints
• SYNOVIAL, BALL AND SOCKET
• Unstable joint
• Frequently dislocated
• Movement in all directions
• Glenoid fossa
• Glenoid labrum (Fibrocartilage)
• Supraglenoid / Infraglenoid tubercles

Question 14

Explain the shoulder joint

Answer 14

• Articular capsule
• Anatomical neck of humerus
• Glenohumeral ligaments (Superior, middle, inferior)
• Coracohumeral ligament
• Acromion process / Coracoid process
• Coracoacromial ligmament
• “Frozen” Shoulder
• Subacromial bursitis

Question 15

What is the annular ligament of the elbow

Answer 15

Pivot joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Question 16

Explain the elbow joint

Answer 16

3joints:
* Humeroulnar
* Radiohumeral
* Proximal Radioulnar

• Proximal radioulnar not articulating with the humerus, but located in common joint capsule
• Joint capsule
• Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
• Annular ligament

Question 17

Explain the distal radioulnar joint

Answer 17

• Synovial pivot joint (separated from carpals by a disc)
• Pronation / Supination
• Anterior / posterior radioulnar ligaments
• Radius moves on ulna

Question 18

How many bones in the hand and what kinds

Answer 18

27 total

8 carpal
5 metacarpal
14 phalanges

Question 19

What are characteristics of the carpal bones

Answer 19

• Small and irregular
• Form many synovial joints
• Many interosseous ligaments
• Palmar aspect is concave
• Thenar and hypothenar eminences

Question 20

What are the proximal (lat-med) carpal bones

Answer 20

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

Question 21

What are the distal (lat-med) of the carpal bones

Answer 21

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Question 22

Explain the soft tissues of the hand

Answer 22

Skin / Subcutaneous tissue
• Palmar Aponeurosis
• Flexor Retinaculum (Transverse carpal ligaments)
• Flexor muscle tendons
• Palmar Radiocarpal ligament (Base of the carpal tunnel)
• Bones
• Dorsal Radiocarpal ligament
• Extensor Retinaculum

Question 23

Explain the wrist (radiocarpal) joint

Answer 23

• Radius
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• (Triangular/Triquetrum)?
• CONDYLOID (Biaxial / Ellipsoidal) Joint
• Radial (Lateral) collateral ligaments
• Ulnar (Medial) collateral ligaments

Question 24

Explain carpometacarpal joints

Answer 24

• Synovial gliding joints
• 1st carpometacarp joint is a saddle joint
  * 1st metacarp and Trapezium
  * All movements + opposition

Question 25

Explain the metacarpophalangeal joint

Answer 25

Knuckles Synovial condyloid

Question 26

Explain the interphalangeal joint

Answer 26

Synovial hinge Flexion/ extension