Brain Anatomy

Question 1

how is the nervous system divided

Answer 1

1. central nervous system (CNS): defined as part of the nervous system enclosed in meninges –> comprises the brain and spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system (PNS): connects the CNS with the organs and limbs –> subdivided into the somatic and autonomic systems

Question 2

how is the CNS divided

Answer 2

Question 3

what are the variations in the cerebral cortex between species

Answer 3

higher mammals the cerebrum have many hills (gyri) and valleys (sulci)

deeper fissures/sulcus provide boundaries of the lobes –> lower mammals have smooth surfaces

folding greatly enhance the surface area and increases the potential for neural networks

Question 4

what is the telencephalon

Answer 4

each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into lobes

1. frontal lobe
2. temporal lobe
3. parietal lobe
4. occipital lobe

Question 5

what structure is shown here

Answer 5

telencephalon

Question 6

what structure is shown here

Answer 6

2 cerebral hemispheres

telencephalon

Question 7

what is the cerebral hemisphere made up of

Answer 7

surface grey matter –> called cerebral cortex

underlying white matter and deep masses of grey matter –> called basal nuclei

each hemisphere contains a cavity –> lateral ventricle

Question 8

what structures are shown

Answer 8

Question 9

what structures are shown

Answer 9

corpus callosum (left)

internal capsule (right)

Question 10

what structure is shown here

Answer 10

corpus callosum

Question 11

what is the function of corpus callosum

Answer 11

transfer of information

connects forebrain with brain stem

Question 12

what is in the cerebral white matter

Answer 12

1. corpus callosum: a mass of fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres

2. internal capsule: fibres running to and from the brainstem

Question 13

what structure is this

Answer 13

corpus callosum

Question 14

what structures are shown here

Answer 14

internal capsule

corona radiata

Question 15

what structure is shown here

Answer 15

diencephalon

Question 16

what structures are shown here

Answer 16

diencephalon

Question 17

what does the diencephalon give rise to

Answer 17

the optic nerve

Question 18

what does the diencephalon contain

Answer 18

third ventricle –> pocket of fluid

Question 19

what is on the roof of third ventricle

Answer 19

pineal gland is on the dorsal roof of the third ventricle

Question 20

what can the diencephalon be divided into

Answer 20

four regions

1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. subthalamus
4. epithalamus

Question 21

what is on the ventral part of the third ventricle

Answer 21

pituitary gland

Question 22

what structures are shown

Answer 22

Question 23

what structures are shown

Answer 23

mesencephalon

Question 24

what structures are shown

Answer 24

mesencephalon

Question 25

what nerves do the mesencephalon give rise

Answer 25

oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) cranial nerves

Question 26

what does the mesencephalon contain

Answer 26

mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 27

what does the tectum (roof) of the mesencephalon consist of

Answer 27

rostral colliculus caudal colliculus

Question 28

what do the fibres located along the ventral surface of the midbrain constitute

Answer 28

crus cerebri --\> axons connecting rostral + caudal

Question 29

what are the structures shown

Answer 29

tectum mesencephalic aqueduct crus cerebri

Question 30

what structures are shown

Answer 30

metencephalon

Question 31

what structures are shown

Answer 31

metencephalon

Question 32

what is in the metencephalon

Answer 32

pons

Question 33

what do the pons contain

Answer 33

the rostral end of the **fourth ventricle**

Question 34

what nerve do the pons give rise to

Answer 34

gives rise to trigeminal nerve (V)

Question 35

what does the ventral surface of the pons contain

Answer 35

transverse pontine fibres (giving rise to the term --\> pons = bridge

Question 36

what does the dorsal part of the pons contain

Answer 36

pontine tegmentum

Question 37

what structure is shown

Answer 37

transverse pontine fibers

Question 38

what structure is shown

Answer 38

pontine tegmentum

Question 39

what structures are shown here

Answer 39

Question 40

what structures are shown here

Answer 40

cerebellum

Question 41

what structures are shown here

Answer 41

Question 42

what structures are shown

Answer 42

myelencephalon

Question 43

what structures are shown

Answer 43

myelencephalon

Question 44

what is the myelencephalon

Answer 44

medulla oblongata

Question 45

what does the myelencephalon contain

Answer 45

most of the **fourth ventricle**

Question 46

what nerves does the myelencephalon give rise to

Answer 46

seven cranial nerves (VI-XII)

Question 47

what is present in the myelencephalon

Answer 47

presence of **bilateral pyramids** along the **ventral surface**

Question 48

what structures are shown here

Answer 48

fourth ventricle pyramids

Question 49

how is the PNS divided

Answer 49

can arise from the brain or spinal cord

Question 50

what are the peripheral nerves arising from the brain termed

Answer 50

cranial nerves

Question 51

what are the cranial nerves

Answer 51

12 pairs numbered from rostral to caudal

Question 52

what do the cranial nerves control

Answer 52

function of the head, including the 5 special senses

Question 53

name the cranial nerves

Answer 53

Question 54

what is the origin of cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)

Answer 54

telencephalon

Question 55

what is the origin of cranial nerve II (optic nerve)

Answer 55

diencephalon

Question 56

what is the origin of cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)

Answer 56

mesencephalon

Question 57

what is the origin of cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)

Answer 57

mesencephalon

Question 58

what is the origin of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

Answer 58

metencephalon

Question 59

what is the origin of cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)

Answer 59

myelencephalon

Question 60

what is the origin of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

Answer 60

myelencephalon

Question 61

what is the origin of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

Answer 61

myelencephalon

Question 62

what is the origin of cranial nerve IX (glosspharyngeal nerve)

Answer 62

myelencephalon

Question 63

what is the origin of cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)

Answer 63

myelencephalon

Question 64

what is the origin of cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)

Answer 64

myelencephalon

Question 65

what is the origin of cranial nerve XII (hypoglossus nerve)

Answer 65

myelencephalon

Question 66

what is the general arrangement of the meninges

Answer 66

Question 67

what is the arrangement of the spinal cord

Answer 67

spinal column dura is free tube --\> dura merges with periosteum at foramen separation from periosteum is at foramen magnum (though continues along floor C1/C2)

Question 68

what are the big differences of attachments to periosteum in skull

Answer 68

in skull dura contributes inner periosteum of **calvarium fusing meninges** to the **calvarium** epidural space in skull is a potential space vs anatmoical space in the vertebral column (same as subdural space in both) dural folds divide CNS in skull

Question 69

what structures are shown here

Answer 69

green: falx cerebri blue: tentorium cerebelli yellow: rostral fossa silver: tissue of the caudal fossa position of major meningeal folds in skull

Question 70

what are the dural partitions in the calvarium

Answer 70

dura splits into two layers --\> embryonic derivation from two layers outer layer remains on bone inner layer folds between major divisions of brain ***falx cerebri:*** longitudinal fissure between hemispheres ***tentorium cerebelli:*** transverse fissures between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum ***diaphragma sellae:*** around the stalk of the pituitary

Question 71

what is this structure

Answer 71

cisternae magna

Question 72

how can CSF be collected

Answer 72

cervical from the cisterna magna enter in mid-line between occipital bone and C2 stop advancing need as enter CSF space

Question 73

what are the meninges useful for

Answer 73

useful division of the brain on clinical, anatomical and imaging basis

Question 74

what structures are shown here

Answer 74

Question 75

what structures are shown here

Answer 75

Question 76

what structures are shown

Answer 76

Question 77

what structures are shown

Answer 77

Question 78

what structures are shown here

Answer 78