Vertebral Column 2

Question 1

what are the regions of the vertebral column

Answer 1

1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. caudal or coccygeal

Question 2

what is the vertebral formula of the dog

Answer 2

C7 T13 L7 S3 CC variable

Question 3

what boundary does the thoracic region form

Answer 3

the dorsal boundary of the thoracic cavity

Question 4

what boundary does the lumbar region form

Answer 4

dorsal boundary of the abdominal cavity

Question 5

what boundary does the sacral region form

Answer 5

dorsal boundary of the pelvic cavity

Question 6

what are species exceptions to 7 cervical vertebrae

Answer 6

2 toed sloth = 6 cervical vertebrae

manatee = 6 cervical vertebrae

3 toed sloth = 9 cervical vertebrae

Question 7

what is the functions of the cervical region

Answer 7

1. support of the head
2. movement of the head
3. protection of ventral neck structures
4. muscle attachment

Question 8

what are the features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 8

1. dorsal spinous and transverse processes short
2. transverse processes have ventral projection –> attachment of ventral neck muscles (hypaxial muscles)
3. transverse foramen –> passage of vertebral A & V

Question 9

why do cervical vertebra have short dorsal spinous and trasnverse processes

Answer 9

to allow large range of movement

Question 10

what features of cervical vertebrae allow for large amount of mobility

Answer 10

no large projections

articular facets are relatively flat which allows for greater movement at the synovial joints between the vertebrae

all except 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

Question 11

what is the first cervical vertebra called

Answer 11

atlas –> bears weight of the head

Question 12

how does C1 differ from other cervical vertebra

Answer 12

vertebral arch but doesn’t have a vertical body

no dorsal spinous process

2 large transverse processes called wings (palpable)

Question 13

how does C1 develop

Answer 13

the cranial section of the sclerotome remains assocaited with the caudal section rather than separating –> C1 develops from only caudal section of sclerotome (no vertebral body, but arch)

Question 14

what is the second cervical vertebra called

Answer 14

axis

Question 15

how is C2 different

Answer 15

1. C2 has 2 vertebral bodies –> produces boney projection at cranial aspect called dens
2. small transverse processes
3. prominant dorsal spinous process (palpable and visible on radiograph)

Question 16

how does the dens of C2 develop

Answer 16

develops from 2 cranial sections and 1 caudal sections of sclerotome

dens represents vertebral body of C1 that is associated with C2 instead

Question 17

what vertebrae is this

Answer 17

C1

Question 18

what vertebrae is this

Answer 18

cervical

Question 19

what vertebrae is this

Answer 19

C2

Question 20

what does the number of thoracic vertebrae correspond with

Answer 20

number of pairs of ribs

dog = 13

horse = 18

Question 21

what are the functions of the thoracic vertebrae (4)

Answer 21

1. articulates with ribs (little lateral movement –> only flexion and extension)
2. forms dorsal boundary of thoracic cavity
3. protection of thoracic cavity
4. muscle attachement (vertebral columnn, body wall and extrinsic forelimb muscles)

Question 22

what vertebrae is this

Answer 22

thoracic

Question 23

what are the typical features of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 23

1. short vertebral body
2. long dorsal spinous processes (large and caudally arranged –> attachment of the epaxial muscles)
3. small/short transverse processes to accomodate space for ribs
4. costal fovea –> presence of ribs

Question 24

what are the costal fovae of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 24

flattened areas located on each side of vertebral bodiy at the cranial and caudal notches

provide smooth surface that articulates with the head of corresponding rib

Question 25

how many costal fovea are there per thoracic vertebrae

Answer 25

4 present 1 right cranial 1 left cranial 1 right caudal 1 left caudal

Question 26

name the structures

Answer 26

1. vertebral body 2. dorsal spinous process 3. transverse process 4. costal fovea

Question 27

how do ribs 1-10 articulate

Answer 27

cranial costal fovea of the thoracic vertebra of the same number and the caudal costal fovea of the thoracic vertebra cranial to it (head of rib 5 articulates with cranial costal fovea of the 5th thoracic vertebra and the caudal costal fovea of the 4th thoracic vertebra)

Question 28

what are the structures

Answer 28

\* head of rib arrow: tuberculum

Question 29

what does the tuberculum of the rib articulate with

Answer 29

small transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same #

Question 30

what do ribs 11-13 articulate with

Answer 30

head and tuberculum articulate only with corresponding vertebra

Question 31

how do rib 1 articulate

Answer 31

articulates with T1 and C7

Question 32

why do ribs 11-13 articulate differently

Answer 32

to allow more movement between adjacent vertebra towards the caudal part of the thoracic region and the thoracolumbar junction

Question 33

what are the anticlinal vertebra and where is it located in horses and dogs

Answer 33

the dorsal spinous processes become shorter in length until --\> vertical dorsal spinous process --\> anticlinal vertebra located at T11 in dog and T16 in horse

Question 34

what is the function of the anticlinal vertebra

Answer 34

1. prevents overcrowding of dorsal spinous processes during extension 2. marks transition from low movement thoracic to higher movement lumbar region

Question 35

what are the typical features of lumbar vertebra

Answer 35

1. long vertebral body 2. long transverse processes (abdominal wall muscle attachment, support of abdominal contents) 3. short and uniform in length dorsal spinous processes (slight cranial orientation)

Question 36

what vertebrae are these

Answer 36

lumbar 1. vertebral body 2. transverse processes 3. dorsal spinous processes

Question 37

what are the functions of the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 37

1. protection of abdominal contents 2. attachment of abdominal wall muscles (associated with vert column, abdominal wall muscles --\> support weight of abdominal contents) 3. support of abdominal contents 4. movement of trunk

Question 38

what are the features of the sacral vertebrae

Answer 38

1. fused to form sacrum 2. no intervertebral disc space present 3. no movement between components (single unit)

Question 39

what are the functions of the sacral vertebrae

Answer 39

1. protection of intra-pelvic structures 2. locomotion

Question 40

what are the joints of the sacral region

Answer 40

1. S1 lumbo-sacral joint --\> flexion/extension 2. cranial portion of sacrum corresponds with location of the 1st sacral vertebra or S1 --\> articulates with wing of ilium to form sacro-iliac joint --\> transfer of forces

Question 41

what are the structures shown

Answer 41

\* S1 arrow: lumbo-sacral joint circle: sacro-iliac joint

Question 42

what are the functions of the coccygeal region vertebrae

Answer 42

1. no spinal cord at this level to protect 2. large range of movement --\> expression, balance, removing flies

Question 43

what vertebrae is this

Answer 43

coccygeal