Brain Intro

Question 1

What are the principal cellular elements of the nervous system?

Answer 1

1. Neurons

2. Glial Cells

Question 2

What is salutatory conduction?

Answer 2

Charge skips from Node to Node

-conduction of the impulse is accelerated

Question 3

Describe the following:

1. Node
2. Internode
3. Myelin
4. Dendrites
5. Axons
6. Cell body

Answer 3

1. Node - gaps in between myelin sheaths
2. Internode - area between two nodes (sheathed in myelin)
3. Myelin - GLIAL covering to speed contraction
4. Dendrites - site of most synaptic inputs
5. Axons - conducts action potentials to other neurons
6. Cell body - makes & packages macromolecules

Question 4

What are the main components of the neuron?

Answer 4

1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Nuclear Membrane
4. Organelles

Question 5

What is white matter & gray matter composed of?

Answer 5

white = axons

grey = cell bodies (full of rough Er, protein machinery)

Question 6

What are the 6 categories of neurons?

Answer 6

1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Pre-ganglionic autonomic
4. Post-ganglionic
5. Local Interneurons
6. Projection

Question 7

Which horn processes sensory info?

Answer 7

Dorsal horn / POSTERIOR horn

-> ventral horn(motor)

Question 8

Which component of the neuron has LONG EFFERENT axons?

Answer 8

Motor component

Question 9

Where are pre-ganglionic autonomics located for sympathetic? Parasympathetic?

Answer 9

Sympathetic = IML (Lateral horn)

Parasympathetic = next to the organ)

Question 10

What are projection neurons?

Answer 10

When sensory info is received, it synopsis in spinal chord

- relayed to sensory cortex of brain

Question 11

What are the 4 types of neurons?

Answer 11

1. Multipolar
2. Bipolar - cell body in middle
3. Pseudo-unipolar -
4. Unipolar - no dendrites***

Question 12

Where are true unipolar axons found? Why are they unique?

Answer 12

Found in the retina

• no dendrites!!
• influenced by environmental change

Question 13

What is glia?

Answer 13

connective tissue of the CNS

Question 14

What are oligodendrocytes? What are these called in the periphery?

Answer 14

• mylenate the axons in CNS

- periphral nervous system = SCHWANN cell

Question 15

What type of cells form a buffer between nerve cell & blood vessels forming the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER?Which cells provide structural & metabolic support to the BBB?

Answer 15

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS w/ tight junctions

Astrocytes!!!

• offer structural & metabolic support to neurons
• buffer potassium

Question 16

What are the principle PNS Glial Cells?

CNS?

Answer 16

1. Schwann Cells
2. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia**
   - help insulate the axons

Question 17

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

Answer 17

1. Brain

2. Spinal Chord

Question 18

Where does the long axis of the CNS bend? What happens here? Where is dorsal & ventral after this?

Answer 18

Cephalic Flexure

• dorsal and ventral relationship changes (between brainstem & diencephalon)
• DORSAL = behind, to back
  Ventral = to belly button

Question 19

What are the 5 lobes contained in each hemisphere and their primary functions?

Answer 19

1. Frontal - motor
2. Parietal - somatosensory
3. Temporal - auditory areas (hearing, speech, memory)
4. Occipital - visual areas
5. Limbic - emotion

Question 20

What is the area of the brain important for movement but NOT part of the Cerebrum?

Answer 20

Cerebellum!!!

• frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal are all part of the cerebrum

Question 21

What sulcus marks the boundary between sensory and motor cortex? What separates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal?

Answer 21

1. Central Sulcus ( between frontal & parietal)

2. Lateral Sulcus

Question 22

What are the grooves of the brain called? The mountains?

Answer 22

groove = SULCUS

mountain = GYRUS

Question 23

What is the function of everything in front of the pre-central gyrus? The post-central gyrus? What splits them?

Answer 23

CENTRAL SULCUS splits them

1. pre-central = sensory
2. post-central = motor

Question 24

What is the function of the hippocampus? Where is it found?

Answer 24

MEMORY

• deep in TEMPORAL lobe (limbic system)

Question 25

Where is the Calcarine Sulcus found? What does it do?

Answer 25

strip in the Occipital Lobe - transmits VISUAL INFO

Question 26

Where is the Insula found? What is it the "well spring" of?

Answer 26

- deep in the LATERAL (Sylvian) FISSURE - by parts of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes 1. social emotions! - lust, disgust, pride, humiliation...etc - some ppl w/ damage to this were able to give up cigarettes - research to treat alcoholism, addiction, anxiety etc....

Question 27

What are the two components of the Diencephalon? What is their function?

Answer 27

1. Thalamus - conveys sensory/motor info to the cerebral cortex = RELAY SYSTEM 2. Hypothalamus - controls autonomic nervous system (Homeostasis = hypo)

Question 28

What are the 3 sections of the Brainstem? What are their functions? Where is the brainstem found?

Answer 28

1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla - Brainstem is BELOW the diencephalon

Question 29

What structure connects both hemispheres?

Answer 29

Corpus Callosum - connects left and right brain

Question 30

What is the area within the Ventricle that makes the CSF?

Answer 30

Choroid Plexus

Question 31

What are the 3 major Basal Ganglia structures? The 2 limbic structures?

Answer 31

1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus Limbic: 1. Amygdala (emotion) 2. Hippocampus (memory)

Question 32

What are the 3 components of the lateral ventricles? How does CSF leave the brain? What cells make CSF?

Answer 32

``` Ventricles are fluid filled comprosed of 1. Posterior 2. Inferior 3. Anterior Horns ``` CSF leaves the brain via MEDIAL & LATERAL apertures - EPENDYMAL CELLS make sf

Question 33

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

Answer 33

Cerebral Aqueduct

Question 34

What lies medial to the internal capsule? Lateral?

Answer 34

Medial = Thalamus Lateral = Putamen & Globus Pallidus

Question 35

Where is the caudate nucleus found?

Answer 35

Lateral Wall of the Lateral Ventricle **

Question 36

What is found above the internal capsule? Below?

Answer 36

1. Caudate Nucleus 2 & 3 - Putamen + Globus Pallidus

Question 37

What is found in closest proximity to the Caudate Nucleus? What is its function?

Answer 37

STRIA TERMINALIS (basically follows Caudate's path) - major EFFERENT pathway (motor)

Question 38

What are the 3 components of the basal ganglia? Where are they found?

Answer 38

1. Caudate 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus - found deep in the brain (collections of cells)

Question 39

What is found wedged between the basal ganglia? (C-shape) What is at the end?

Answer 39

1. Thalamus | 2. At the end of caudate = Amygdala!!!

Question 40

What are the 4 major parts of the cerebellum? What is its function?

Answer 40

1. Anterior Lobe 2. Posterior Lobe 3. Flocculondular lobe 4. Vermis - center Function: play a role in planning and execution of MOVEMENT!

Question 41

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

Answer 41

Inferior, Middle & Superior Cerebellar peduncles!

Question 42

What are the 4 bumps on the back of the BRAINSTEM called? What is the function of the superior and inferior sections?

Answer 42

Superior Colliculi & Inferior Colliculi together = Corpora Quadrigemina ``` Superior = Vision Inferior = Hearing ```

Question 43

Which lobe is Broca's area found? What is it responsible for?

Answer 43

Broca's area is in the FRONTAL lobe - responsible for motor aspects of speech

Question 44

Which lobe is the PRE-central gyrus found in? Post-central gyrus? Function of each?

Answer 44

1. Pre-central = FRONTAL lobe - voluntary movement of muscles of body & head 2. Post-Central = PARIETAL - somatosensory sensation

Question 45

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 45

Auditory perception, detection of moving bodies, recognition of faces

Question 46

What is the function of the OCCIPITAL lobe?

Answer 46

Visual Perception

Question 47

Which lobe is is Wernicke's area found? Function?

Answer 47

PARIETAL lobe - receptive INTEGRATION of speech! (broca's = motor aspects of speech)

Question 48

What are the 3 ventricles of the brain? What connects them? What is their function?

Answer 48

1. Lateral 2. Third 3. Fourth Ventricle Lateral connected to 3rd by INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN of Monroe 3rd connected to 4th by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT - flow of CSF throughout CNS (provide electrolytes & metabolites)

Question 49

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 49

Balance, coordination, integrates motor function of CNS

Question 50

What is the midbrain, pons, and medulla or the brainstem responsible for? (which cranial nerves falls in each?)

Answer 50

Transmission & regulation of sensory, motor, & AUTONOMIC function for the following cranial nerves? 1. Midbrain - 3 & 4 2. Pons - 5, 6, 7 3. Medulla - 8, 9, 10, 12