Cerebral Cortex 1

Question 1

What is the general function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 1

Analyze, plan, initiate responses

• personality of a person

Question 2

What groove separates the FRONTAL from the Parietal lobe?

Answer 2

Rolandic fissure/Central Sulcus

Question 3

What fissure separates Temporal from Parietal lobe?

Answer 3

Sylvian fissure

• Lateral Sulcus*

Question 4

What is the gyrus above corpus callosum?

Answer 4

Cingulate gyrus

Question 5

What visual field is covered by the lower aspect of the Calcarine FIssure/Sulcus?

Answer 5

UPPER visual field

Question 6

The reticular system of the cerebral cortex is responsible for what?

Answer 6

Adjust the level of responsiveness

Question 7

Where are most of the neurons in the brain found?

Answer 7

CEREBELLUM!!

• not the Cerebral cortex

Question 8

How many layers is the Neocortex composed of?

Answer 8

6 layers

Question 9

What type of cells are the only cells to LEAVE THE CORTEX and are the major cells in the brain? What do these look like?

Answer 9

PYRAMIDAL cells

• long apical dendrites
• excitatory (use Glutamate)

-DENDRITIC SPINES ARE MODIFIED BY LEARNING

Question 10

What type of cells are inhibitory (use Gaba)?

Answer 10

Non- pyramidal

Question 11

What are large pyramidal cells in the neocortex called? Small neurons?

Answer 11

1. AGRANULAR = large pyramidal

2. Granular = small neurons

Question 12

Where do most pyramidal cells (axons) sit in the Neocortex? (which layer)

Answer 12

layer 5

Question 13

How is the neocortex arranged/organized?

Answer 13

COLUMNS

• similar function = close by
• made up of Radioglial cells (give rise to neurons)

Question 14

What is the largest connection of the brain?

Answer 14

Corpus Callosum

Question 15

Which part of the corpus callous is found in the FRONTAL lobe? the occipital/temporal lobes?

Answer 15

1. Genu

2. SPlenium

Question 16

What commissure connects the temporal lobes together & olfactory components?

Answer 16

Anterior Commissure

Question 17

What is one commissure that does NOT receive fibers from the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 17

1. Anterior Comissure

Question 18

What is an important association bundle/fasciculus that wraps around the corpus callosum?

Answer 18

Cingulum

think cingulate gyrus is in the same location

Question 19

What is the fasciculus/association bundle that connects Broca’s Area to Wiernecke’s area?

Answer 19

Superior Longitudinal

OR

Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 20

Define primary neocortical areas. What are the 5 major ones?

1. Primary motor
2. Primary somatosensory
3. Primary Visual
4. Primary Auditory
5. Primary Gustatory

Answer 20

• input from thalamic nuclei & output to brainstem & spinal cord

1. Precentral (4) - VA/VL
2. Postcentral (312) - VPL
3. Calcarine - Area 17 - Lateral Geniculate
4. Transverse Temporal Gyrus - Area 41
   - medial geniculate
5. Primary Gustatory - Insula (anterior)

Question 21

What does the insult do?

Answer 21

SMELL

Question 22

What is the only sense that does not go to the thalamus?

Answer 22

SMELL

Question 23

What are unimodal association areas?

Answer 23

More complex response functions

• less precise body maps
• injury can cause Agnosia

Question 24

What are Association area are the following related to?

1. Premotor (6)
2. Supplementory Motor (6)
3. Somatosensory (5,7)
4. Visual (18,19)

Answer 24

UNIMODAL association areas

Question 25

What association area provides the HIGH LEVEL INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS?

Answer 25

MULTIMODAL

Question 26

Injury to Multimodal association areas can cause what?

Answer 26

1. Apraxia (motor) | 2. Neglect (sensory)

Question 27

Which association area is the Parieto-occipital temporal region?

Answer 27

Multimodal -sensory areas but also input from pulvinar

Question 28

Injury to the right inferior parietal lobule can cause what? What about the left parietal area?

Answer 28

RIGHT = NEGLECT LEFT = Apraxia

Question 29

What is neglect syndrome?

Answer 29

Someone who has normal sensation but will neglect other stimuli or things occurring in that area (multimodal)

Question 30

What is apraxia?

Answer 30

Individual have underlying strength, but cannot perform a complicated activity

Question 31

Do the multimodal association areas have homunculus distributions?

Answer 31

NO - but are functionally interrelated

Question 32

What are the 3 main multimodal association areas?

Answer 32

1. Parieto-occipital-temporal region 2. Prefrontal Area 3. Limbic area

Question 33

Where is EXECUTIVE function found in the multimodal association areas?Where is emotional & drive related behaviors?

Answer 33

1. Prefrontal area - working memory & decision making 2. Limbic Area

Question 34

Most of the brain is which association area?

Answer 34

MULTIMODAL

Question 35

What kind of syndrome results from white matter interfering between connections of the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 35

Disconnection Syndrome

Question 36

What is an example of a disconnection syndrome? What are the symptoms of this syndrome?

Answer 36

Alexia without Agraphia - can write, but cannot read - visual system is affected as well (cannot see right side) - in LEFT Hemisphere

Question 37

Which hemisphere contains Broca's Area & Wiernecke's area? What connects these 2 areas?

Answer 37

LEFT Hemisphere - Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 38

Which area is responsible for Motor Functions of speech? For comprehension of speech?

Answer 38

1. Broca (frontal lobe) | 2. WIernecke's (parietal lobe)

Question 39

A stroke in the occipital lobe would most like be which artery?

Answer 39

Posterior Cerebral Artery