Hypothalamus

Question 1

What structure runs from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?

Answer 1

Fornix

Question 2

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

1. Homeostasis
2. Species Survival Drives
3. Emotional brain

• Autonomic information is controlled as well

Question 3

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 3

Modulating learned motor activity

a lot of Afferent info –> Nuc. of solitary tract GVA

Question 4

Which nucleus is responsible for releasing hormones for the ANTERIOR pituitary and is affected by stress?

Answer 4

Arcuate Nucleus

Question 5

What nucleus serves as our biological clock?

Answer 5

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

- releases vasopressin

Question 6

Which nucleus provides hormones for both the anterior & posterior pituitary, ANS via DMN-Vagus, Solitary Nucleus, IML, Ventrolateral Medulla, & locus ceroeleus?

Answer 6

Paraventricular Nucleus

Question 7

What nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for memory? Which thalamic nucleus does this project to?

Answer 7

Mammillary NUcleus

(From hyppicampus to hypothalamus via fornix)

• projects to ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI

Question 8

What are the 3 main hypothalamic inputs?

Answer 8

1. Fornix
2. Stria Terminalis
3. MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE

Question 9

What are the 3 monamines of importance to the hypothalamus?

Answer 9

1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Seratonin

Question 10

What are the 2 principle dopaminergic systems in the brain? Where do most fibers travel through?

Answer 10

1. Nigostriatal System (basal ganglia - SN)
2. Mesolimbic system - VTA

• fibers travel through the Median Forebrain Bundle

Question 11

Norepinephrine is located where? What do they course through? Where does the pathway unite with the VTA to enter the amygdala & hypothalamus?

Answer 11

1. Locus Ceruleus
2. DORSAL TEGMENTAL BUNDLE
3. MEDIAN FOREBRAIN BUNDLE

Question 12

What two NT’s are responsible for keeping us awake?

Answer 12

1. Norepinephrine
2. Orexin
   (from lateral hypothalamus)

Question 13

Where does seratonin originate from? Where do they join noradrenergic fibers?

Answer 13

1. dorsal & median RAPHE NUCLEI

2. MEDIAN FOREBRAIN BUNDLE in the lateral hypothalamus

Question 14

What nucleus of the thalamus does the Mammilothalamic Tract project to? Where does it project to?

Answer 14

1. Anterior Nucleus

2. Cingulate Gyrus

Question 15

What is the primary function of the mammilary bodies?

Answer 15

Recollective memory

Question 16

What is the order of the paper circuit (starting & ending at the cingulate gyrus?

Answer 16

1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Hippocampus
3. Hypothalamus + Mammillary body (via fornix)
4. ANTERIOR NUCLEUS of the hypothalamus
5. Cingulate gyrus

Question 17

What is the DIRECT pituitary control?

Answer 17

1. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
2. Neurohypophysis

• hormones made by hypothalamic neurons & transported via axons to the posterior pituitary

Question 18

What is the indirect pituitary control?

Answer 18

1. Anterior Pituitary
2. Adenohypophysis

• microvascular capillaries transport the hormones

Question 19

What is the mechanism of control of the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

SERVOMECHANISM

• via feedback

Question 20

A 61-year-old woman presents with a complaint of persistently seeing "two of everything." The examination reveals a dilated left pupil and an inability to look up, down, or medially with that eye. MRI reveals an aneurysm of the basilar bifurcation. During surgery to clip this aneurysm, the small perforating branches of P1 (posterior perforating arteries) are inadvertently occluded by the clip. Which of the following structures would be most adversely affected by this disruption of blood supply?
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
Mammillary nuclei
Medial preoptic nuclei
Paraventricular nucleus
Tuberal region nuclei

Answer 20

B) Mammillary Nuclei

Question 21

Which of the following fiber bundles contains bidirectional connections between the septal nuclei, lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberal nuclei, and brainstem areas such as the periaqueductal gray and the tegmental nuclei?
Mammillotegmental tract
Mammillothalamic tract
Medial forebrain bundle
Stria terminalis
Stria medullaris thalami

Answer 21

C) Medial Forebrain Bundle

Question 22

What is the correct pathway of the PAPEZ Circuit?

Answer 22

1. Cingulate Gyrus
2. Hippocampus
3. Mammillary body (+Hypothalamus)
4. Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus