Cereral cortex 2

Question 1

Which hemisphere is language localized in?

Answer 1

LEFT

Question 2

What nucleus maintains circadian rhythm?

Answer 2

Suprachiasmatic

Question 3

What is the organization of the Reticular formation?

Answer 3

3 neurons

1. Midline = RAPHE (aminergic - seratonin)
2. Paramedial - EFFERENT
3. Lateral - AFFERENT

Question 4

What is the structure in the middle of the reticular formation that secretes Serotonin?

Answer 4

Raphe Nuclei

Question 5

Which layer/area of the cortex are pyramidal cells found?

Answer 5

Found in LAYER 5

• project info out of the cerebral cortex

Question 6

If there was damage to Broca’s area what would be the symptoms?

Answer 6

1. NO VERBAL FLUENCY
2. poor verbal repetition
3. GOOD VERBAL COMPREHENSION
4. poor verbal naming

Question 7

If there was damage to Wernicke’s area what would be the symptoms?

Answer 7

1. VERBAL FLUENCY
2. poor verbal repetition
3. poor comprehension
4. poor verbal naming

Question 8

What allows Wernicke’s area to communicate with Broca’s area?

Answer 8

Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 9

What is the main function of the Reticular Formation?

Answer 9

• COORDINATING SYSTEM

for AUTONOMIC functions
-sleep/wakefulness
-respiratory
cardiovascular
-nociception

Question 10

Which is the sensory zone of the Reticular Formation?

Answer 10

LATERAL zone

Question 11

What is the effector zone of the Reticular formation? Where does it project?

Answer 11

PARAMEDIAN zone

- spinal cord
-brainstem
central tegmental tract

Question 12

What NT is VTA responsible for secreting?

Answer 12

DOPAMINE

Question 13

What does Locus COeruleus secrete?

Answer 13

Noradrenaline

Question 14

The largest territorial distribution of any CNS neurons is covered by what NT?

Answer 14

SERATONIN

Question 15

What is the function of the ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)?

Answer 15

• keep you awake & out of REM
• alertness, sleep-wake rhythms, and startle reactions

(if this is non-functioning, e would lose consciousness)

Question 16

What is consciousness?

Answer 16

State of self awareness in which it is possible to direct attention & manipulate abstract ideas

• dependent on diffuse modulation projections (NT’s)

Question 17

What secretes OREXIN?

Answer 17

Lateral Hypothalamus

Question 18

What does the midbrain reticular formation secrete?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Question 19

What is the job of the SUprachiasmatic Nucleus? How does it maintain this?

Answer 19

• maintains circadian rhythms

- calibrated by LIGHT

Question 20

What are the 3 potential roles of Sleep?

Answer 20

1. Consolidation of memory & daily experiences
2. Brain growth & development
3. Restoration and recovery

Question 21

When is memory consolidated?

Answer 21

During sleep

Question 22

The EEG of wakefulness is most similar to what stage of the sleep cycle?

Answer 22

REM

Question 23

As we sleep, what increases in duration?

Answer 23

REM sleep

Question 24

Is the following EEG characteristic of REM or NON-Rem

1. low amplitude
2. fast frequency
3. Desynchronized

Answer 24

REM

Question 25

Is the following EEG characteristic of REM or NON-Rem 1. large amplitude 2. slow frequency 3. synchronized

Answer 25

Non-rem

Question 26

Most dreams occur in which stage of the sleep cycle?

Answer 26

REM

Question 27

Increased sympathetic, irregular pulse, and respiration: REM or Non-REM?

Answer 27

REM!!! non-rem has increased parasympathetic -slow, regular pulse & respiration

Question 28

What are the 3 important structures that help control Wake/Sleep cycles & rem/non-rem?

Answer 28

1. Basal Forebrain 2. Hypothalamus 3. Thalamus - BRAINSTEM (raphe, Locus Coeruleus)

Question 29

The lateral HYPOTHALAMUS secretes what important NT?

Answer 29

OREXIN

Question 30

What is the role of orexin?

Answer 30

1. keep us in WAKE state | 2. keep REM from occurring

Question 31

What is a clinical disorder in which an individual cannot stay awake & collapses?

Answer 31

NARCOLEPSY + Cataplexia (not enough orexin) - auto-immune disorder

Question 32

When the connection between the brain & spinal cord is interrupted, what occurs?

Answer 32

CATAPLEXIA - collapse randomly

Question 33

What does the tuberomamillary nucleus release?

Answer 33

HISTAMINE

Question 34

What does the Basal Forebrain release?

Answer 34

Acetylcholine

Question 35

What does the Laterodorsal & pedunculopontine segmental Nuclei release?

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

What releases norepinephrine?

Answer 36

Locus Coereleus

Question 37

What releases dopamine int he cortex?

Answer 37

VTA