SHB - Exam 3 > Brainstem Anatomy > Flashcards

Brainstem Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

maintenance of consciousness

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2
Q

What is the only cranial nerve not attached to the brainstem?

A

CN 1

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3
Q

What are the 3 important contents of the medulla?

A

Medulla:

Pyramids
Olives
Fourth Ventricle

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4
Q

What are the 4 important contents of the pons?

A

Pons:

  1. Basal Pons
  2. Middle Cerebellar
  3. Peduncle
  4. Part of 4th ventricle
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5
Q

What are the 4 important contents of the midbrain?

A

Midbrain:

Inferior/Superior Colliculi

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Cerebral Peduncle

Cerebral AQUEDUCT

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6
Q

What are the following associated with in the brainstem?

  1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (SCP)
  2. MCP
  3. ICP
A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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7
Q

What forms the following areas of the Posterior Fossa?

  1. Floor
  2. Roof
  3. Brain Divisions
A
  1. Floor = Occipital & Temporal Bone
  2. Roof = Tentorium
  3. Cerebellum & Brainstem
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8
Q

Where does CN 3 emerge from? What can crush it? What kind of gaze would it create

A

INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA

  1. Uncus
  2. Lateral gaze
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9
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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10
Q

What is another term for the Cerebral peduncles? For the Inferior & Superior Colliculi?

A
  1. Crus Cerebri
  2. Corpora Quadrigemina OR
    Tectum
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11
Q

Which colliculi are involved with hearing? Vision? Which use the medial & lateral geniculates coming from the Thalamus?

A

SLO AIM

Superior Colliculi uses the Lateral Geniculate for OPTIC functions (vision)

Inferior Colliculi uses MEDIAL Geniculate for Auditory function

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12
Q

Which cerebellar peduncles are afferent? Efferent?

A

Superior = EFFERENT (VSCT)
Middle & Inferior = Afferent

(inferior for DSCT &CCT)

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13
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles located? What do they connect? What fibers do they contain?

A

Midbrain

  • connect cerebrum with brainstem & SPINAL CORD
  • MYLENATED fibers (white matter - appear black in stain)
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14
Q

What are the fibers call that are leaving the Olive of the medulla and traveling to the cerebellum?

A

Climbing fibers

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15
Q

Where do the CST fibers decussate? What kind of cells are in the CST?

A
  • in the pyramidal tract of the MEDULLA

- Pyramidal cells (Betz cells)

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16
Q

Where is the tentorium located? What meningeal layer is it composed of?

A

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

  • DURA
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17
Q

What structures are lateral to the 3rd ventricle? What does the 4th ventricle look like?

A

THALAMUS

  • diamond shaped
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18
Q

Where do the following nerves originate from

3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

A 
3 = Interpeduncular fossa
4 = DORSUM of brain (only one that crosses the brain as well)
5 = Basal Pons
6 = pontomedullary junction
7,8,9 = pontomedullary angle
10 = dorsal to OLIVE
12 = ventral to OLIVE(front)

11 = from cervical spinal cord on the side

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19
Q

What must be ripped off for us to see the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebellum

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20
Q

Which gland (pituitary/pineal) is ventral? Dorsal?

A

Pituitary = ventral

pineal = dorsal

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21
Q

Where does the pineal gland project?

A

Dorsally by the 3rd ventricle

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22
Q

What is located near the thalamus and concerned with vision?

A

PULVINAR

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23
Q

What is the function of mamillary bodies? How are they connected to the hippocampus? Are they found ventrally or dorsally?

A

MEMORY

  • connected via FORNIX
  • degenerate with alcoholism*
    VENTRAL
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24
Q

What are the 6 major structures found in a cross section of the CAUDAL MEDULLA (low)?

A
  1. Pyramids
  2. Internal Arcuate Fibers (decussating in medulla)
  3. N. Gracilis
  4. N. Cuneatus
  5. Spinal tract & Nucleus of 5
  6. Medial Lemniscus
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25
What vertebral levels are the following associated with: 1. F. Gracilis 2. F. Cuneatus 3. Nucleus Dorsalis (Clark's Nucleus)
1. C8-L3 2. C1- C7, T1-T6 3. C8-L2 (F. Cuneatus takes over
26
What helps afferent fibers reach Clark's Nucleus (Dorsalis) at the level of L3 & lower?
F. Gracilis (LEGS = low)
27
What helps us feel pain & sensation on the face?
Spinal Trigeminal Tract & Nucleus - from PONS
28
Where does the spinal trigeminal tract descend from? What ganglion does it pass?
PONS - down to cervical cord to synapse on Spinal Trigeminal nucleus - SEMILUNAR GANGLION
29
What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the ROSTRAL MEDULLA?
1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle 2. Inferior Olivary Nucleus 3. Open 4th ventricle 4. MLF
30
What is the function of MLF?
coordinates the nuclei of 3,4,6 with each other & spinal reflexes
31
What are the 5 major structures in the cross section of the CAUDAL Pons?
1. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 2. Basal Pons 3. Pontine Nuclei 4. Ponto-cerebellar fibers (mossy) 5. MIDDLE Cerebellar Peduncle
32
What are the 4 Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, (medial to lateral)
Fat Guys Eat Donuts 1. Fastigal 2. Globose 3. Emboliform 4. Dentate
33
What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the ROSTRAL Pons?
1. Basal pons 2. beginning of PAG 3. Medial Lemniscus preparing to enter thalamus 4. STT entering VPL - SCP prepares to cross
34
Where does the SCP prepare to cross? (enters) Where does it cross?
Rostral Pons - Caudal Midbrain
35
What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the CAUDAL MIDBRAIN?
1. Crossing of SCP (VSCT) 2. Inferior Colliculi 3. Cerebral Peduncle 4. TRUE AQUEDUCT
36
What tract runs in the center of the Crus Cerebri/ Cerebral Peduncle?
CST
37
What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN?
1. Cerebral Peduncle 2. CN 3 3. SUbstantia Nigra 4. Red Nucleus (& superior Colliculi)
38
Degeneration of which part of the brain leads to Parkinsons? Which neurotransmitter is released in this area?
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA - dopamine
39
What are the neurotransmitters associated with the following brainstem nuclei? 1. Raphe 2. Locus Cereleus 3. Substantia Nigra & VTA 4. Nucleus Basalis of Meynert & Septal Nuclei
1. Seratonin 2. Noradrenaline 3. DOPAMINE 4. Acetylcholine
40
Which neurotransmitter level is low in Alzheimer's disease? Which nuclei does this originate from?
1. Acetylcholine | 2. Nucleus Basalis of Meyner & Septal Nuclei
41
Where does the Medial Lemniscus form?
Caudal medulla
42
Where is the inferior olivary nucleus & part of the 4th ventricle found?
ROSTRAL MEDULLA
43
Where is the middle cerebellar peduncle found?
Caudal Pons
44
Where is the red nucleus & substantia nigra found?
ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN
45
Where does the spinal trigeminal tract descend before it synapses on the spinal trigeminal nucleus?
from Pons to Cervical cord
46
What fibers make up the IAF? Which tract/pathway is associated with this?
F. CUneatus & F. Gracilis - DCP - dorsal column pathway
47
What nucleus is equivalent to the Spinal Trigeminal N. of 5?
Nucleus Proprius of the STT (spinothalamic tract) - associated with pain & sensation
48
Where does the Medial Lemniscus prepare to enter the Thalamus (which rostral/caudal level of brainstem)
ROSTRAL PONS
49
What is the periaqueductal grey responsible for?
Modulation of pain
50
What cells does the CST originate from?
PYRAMIDAL CELLS
51
What is responsible for the following: 1. Control of Movement 2. Modulates pain pathway 3. Autonomic Reflex Circuitry 4. Controls arousal and consciousness
RETICULAR FORMATION
52
What nucleus has extensive CNS projections and can adjust background level sensitivity? Where is it found n the brainstem?
LOCUS CERULEUS - BLU DOT special - found in the PONS
53
What are the white fibers that decussate in the Caudal Midbrain , in between lies the VTA?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
54
Which region is the raphe found? What levels may it adjust?
Caudal Pons - levels of attention or arousal
55
What are 2 key nuclei in the basal forebrain? Where to they project?
1. Basal N. of Meyner - CEREBRUM | 2. Septal Nuclei - HIPPOCAMPUS
56
SE Raphe’s Substantial Dopey blue NE’s
``` Raphe—Serotonin Substantia Nigra—dopamine Locus Ceruleus (blue)—noradrenalin ```
57
Uncle Meynert has trouble remembering to move his cholinergics
Basal nucleus of Meynert contains cholinergic (ach) containing neurons which, when damaged, may cause the memory destroying disease called Alzheimer’s
58
Which arteries are responsible for Wallenburg Syndrome? Which arteries are they branches of?
SCA - Basilar AICA - Basilar PICA - Vertebral
59
Stroke of which part of the brain is the reason Wallenburg Syndrome developed?
Dorsal Lateral Medulla
60
Which artery of the Circle of Willis supplies the medial aspect of the brain? Lateral?
1. Anterior Cerebral A. | 2. Middle Cerebral A.
61
Which artery directly feeds the lower medulla?
PICA (off of vertebal A.) - main artery responsible for Wallenburg
62
What are the symptoms of Lateral Medullary Syndrome of Wallenburg?
Balance, taste, speech, pain, Horner's syndrome - loss of pain/sensation on is face - loss of pain/sensation on contralateral side of LOWER BODY
63
What is found below T6?
F. Gracilis | No cuneatus
64
Where does the Corticospinal Tract reside in the cervical spinal cord?
Lateral Funiculus
65
Where do the pyramids cross?
CAUDAL MEDULLA (lowest --> CST)
66
The lateral cuneate nucleus plays a role in which tract? What functions is this tract responsible for?
CCT - unconscious proprioception
67
The cochlear nucleus are found on which peduncle?
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
68
The caudal pons has which CN nuclei?
6,7
69
Which brainstem level are the following located in: 1. Red Nucleus 2. Inferior Colliculi 3. Nucleus Gracilis 4. Inferior Olivary nucleus 5. Decussation of Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
1. Rostral Midbrain 2. Caudal Midbrain 3. Caudal Medulla 4. Rostral Medulla 5. Caudal Midbrain
70
Which artery supplies the following: 1. Olive 2. Basal Pons 3. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle 4. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle 5. Cerebral Peduncle
1. PICA, vertebral 2. Basilar A. 3. AICA 4. PICA 5. Posterior Cerebral
SHB - Exam 3
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