brain trauma

Question 1

influence reliability of memory

Answer 1

• brain trauma
• brain surgery
• amnesia
• neurodegenerative diseases
• alzheimers disease

Question 2

brain trauma

Answer 2

causes:
stroke
concussion
chemical damage via drugs and alcohol

Question 3

types of amnesia

Answer 3

anterograde

retrograde

Question 4

anterograde amnesia

Answer 4

• old memories are retained and new memories cannot be formed
• coding and storage is disrupted
• commonly seen in alzheimers
• damage in temporal lobes and hippocampus

Question 5

retrograde amnesia

Answer 5

old memories are lost and new memories can be formed

Question 6

alzheimers disease

Answer 6

• degeneration of hippocampus and pre frontal cortex
• formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
• reduction in neurotransmitters (acetylcholine)
• loss of cells in hippocampus (atrophy)
• enlarged ventricles
• anterograde and retrograde amnesia
  symptoms: impaired declarative memory:
• forgetting names
• trouble finding the right word to speak

Question 7

brain surgery

Answer 7

• memory loss

- dangerous to remove tumours in regions associated with memory

Question 8

brain injury

Answer 8

• refers to any brain damage that impairs or interferes with the normal functioning of the brain, either temporary or permanent

Question 9

neurodegenerative disease

Answer 9

• progressive decline in structure, activity and function of brain tissue.
  (Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimers disease)

Question 10

factors influencing memory

Answer 10

• cues
• rehearsal
• serial position effect

Question 11

2 types of cues

Answer 11

context specific

state dependent

Question 12

2 types of rehearsal

Answer 12

• maintenance

- elaborative

Question 13

context specific cues

Answer 13

• external environment
• environment when memory is formed
  (sounds, smells, temperature)
• later help for retrieving memory

Question 14

state dependent cues

Answer 14

• internal environment
• psychological and/or physiological state at the time of learning
  (mood, level of anxiety, intoxicated)

Question 15

elaborative

Answer 15

• way we encode information when we transfer from STM to LTM
• linking new information in a meaningful way to other new information or information already stored in LTM to aid in storage and retrieval from LTM

Question 16

maintenance

Answer 16

• keeps information in our immediate awareness (STM)
• repeating over and over
• transferred to LTM if repeated 10s or 100 times (if exceed 12-30 secs then lost)

Question 17

serial position effect

Answer 17

• immediate free recall of items at the beginning or end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle

Question 18

primary effect

Answer 18

• explains how words at the beginning are recalled better because words have been rehearsed and transferred to LTM before the capacity of STM has reached
• will still occur is exceeds 12-30 seconds

Question 19

recency effect

Answer 19

• words at the end of list are recalled well and tend to be recalled first
• maintenance rehearsal used to keep items in immediate awareness (STM)
• wont occur is exceeds 12-30 seconds

Question 20

asympote

Answer 20

• inferior recall of items in middle of list
• as STM reaches its capacity, these middle items are displaced by items at the end of the list before they can adequately be stored and rehearsed in LTM.

Question 21

leading questions

Answer 21

• has content or is phrased in such a way as to suggest what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer
• because of the way the question was worded, you might add the new false information in your answer

Question 22

retrieval cue

Answer 22

• any stimulus that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in memory
• acts as a cue that guides the search and recovery process within LTM

Question 23

rehearsal

Answer 23

• process of consciously manipulating information to keep in STM, transfer to LTM or aid storage and retrieval

Question 24

limitations of maintenance rehearsal

Answer 24

• if information is continually renewed and retained in STM, the amount of new information that can enter is restricted because of the limited storage capacity of STM

Question 25

elaborative or maintenance

Answer 25

- elaborative is more effortful but more effective | - processing that enhances coding and consolidation for long term storage

Question 26

alzheimers

Answer 26

- neurodegenerative disease involves gradual, severe memory loss, impaired attention... - involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia because disease effects both hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex - earliest symptom: impaired declarative memory, patient has difficulty remembering events from the previous day - type of dementia - typically caused by old age

Question 27

what happens in alzheimers

Answer 27

- develop neurofibrillary tangles (abnormal build up of proteins inside the neuron) and associated with the death of brain cells - abnormality involves plaques and tangles - interfere with communication between neurons and inhibits transport of essential substances throughout the neuron - low levels of memory neurotransmitters, acetylcholine

Question 28

dementia

Answer 28

- disorder affecting higher mental functions | - can be caused by disease, brain damage, reduced blood supply to brain

Question 29

what type of memory is affected in alzheimers

Answer 29

- explicit memories are impaired | - implicit memories remain

Question 30

treatment alzheimers

Answer 30

- no cure | - medication that boost the levels of acetylcholine