psychology > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

3 ways to measure consciousness

A
  • physiological responses (EEG, EOG, EMG)
  • behavioural and cognitive measures (such as measurement of speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks)
  • self report (subjective) measures, sleep diaries
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2
Q

weaknesses of only using physiological responses

A
  • cannot identify private and personal conscious experience

- changes to physiological changes may be due to other reasons such as a person having fever

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3
Q

physiological response

A
  • bodily functions:
    brainwave patterns (caused by changes in the electrical activity)
    eye muscle movement
    body muscle movement
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4
Q

3 main devices

A

EEG
EOG
EMG

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5
Q

EEG

A
  • detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in brain in the form of brainwaves
  • brainwave patterns
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6
Q

process of EEG

A
  • monitoring electrical activity of brain detectable on outside of skull
  • many tiny electrodes are placed on skull in a symmetrical pattern
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7
Q

what does EEG identifies

A
  • brain activity associated with changes in state of consciousness
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8
Q

EOG

A

detects, amplifies ad records electrical activity in the muscles that allow the eye to move
- eye movement

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9
Q

what does EOG identifies

A
  • changes in voltage as the eyes move and rotate in sockets

- if in REM sleep or not

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10
Q

process of EOG

A
  • electrodes attached to areas around eye
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11
Q

EMG

A
  • device used to measure stages of sleep
  • detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of muscle
  • muscle activity
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12
Q

process of EMG

A
  • electrodes attached to skin directly above relevant muscle
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13
Q

what does EMG identifies

A
  • higher level of muscular activity and tone, indicates increased alertness
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14
Q

polysomnogram

A
  • data can be simultaneously from EEG, EOG and EMG and display continuously moving chart
  • allows researchers to compare corresponding data at once and make more informed decisions about the state of consciousness and any underlying problems
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15
Q

ways to measure behavioural and cognitive measurements

A
  • measure how long it takes to complete a task (the quicker then more automatic)
  • acquired brain damage (disrupts accuracy and speed of performing cognitive tasks)
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16
Q

subjective reporting

A
  • measures, such as self reporting or video monitoring that are subjective
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17
Q

self reporting

A
  • statements and answers to questions made by participants concerning their psychological experience
  • shows if a person is experiencing NWC
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18
Q

limitations of self reporting

A
  • telling the truth
  • can they remember
  • able to describe their experience accurately
  • can researchers interpret the descriptions accurately and reliably
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19
Q

video monitoring

A
  • insight into how we behave in different states of consciousness
  • commonly for study of sleep (sleep laboratories can artificial environment or person’s home)
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20
Q

process of video monitoring

A
  • infrared cameras that operate silently to allow the footage to be seen without disturbing participant
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21
Q

level of awareness

A
  • ASC
  • very little awareness of external stimuli
  • something highly personal can awaken (such as a baby crying for a parent)
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22
Q

content limitations

A
  • contents of our dreams tend to be broader and deeper than our thoughts in NWC
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23
Q

controlled and automatic responses

A
  • performing other tasks is impossible

- most sleep walkers (somnambulists) usually carry out routine, automatic responses

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24
Q

perceptual and cognitive disorders

Study These Flashcards
A
  • attention to sensory stimuli is lowered during sleep (including perception of pain)
  • likely to be more disorganised and unrealistic
  • we remember little of our dream
25
emotional awareness
- more or less intense | e. g. nightmare or a good dream
26
self control
- lowered self control (e.g. we may snore, grind our teeth)
27
time orientation
- can be either extremes - study shows we have the ability to estimate the amount of time that has elapsed sleeping; thus able to wake up at a predetermined time without an alarm clock - associated with our deep sleep (stages 3 and 4 NREM)
28
suprachiasmatic nucleus
internal body clock located in hypothalamus | - regulates suprachiasmatic nucleus
29
circadian cycle
- peaks (awake and alert) during the day (usually afternoon) | - lowest pint being early in morning (drowsy and sleepy)
30
circadian rhythms
- 24 hours | - sleep wake cycles, alertness, body temperature, growth hormone secretion
31
ultradian rhythms
- less than 24 hours | - REM and NREM sleep cycles
32
infrared rhythms
- more than 24 hours - migration patterns of some animals - seasonal variation in mood and appetite - female menstrual cycle
33
cortisol
- link with our level of awareness | - higher levels associated with greater awareness
34
melatonin
- causes sleepiness and is released during when dark - secreted by pineal gland - light prevents melatonin secretion and thus, prevents sleepiness
35
adrenalin
influencing blood pressure and heart rate
36
internal body clock
- 24.2 hours instead of 24 (longer sleep wake cycle)
37
endogenous
based on internal factors
38
zeitgebers
external (environment) cues such as light e.g. detection of light: light sensors found in our eyes and back of our leg which then signals to stop release of melatonin
39
exposure to light at different times
- early morning: cause a phase shift leads to waking - afternoon: no effect - evening: causes a phase delay by keeping us awake (prevents us from sleeping)
40
ultradian rhythms
- shift between NREM (non rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement) - beginning with NREM - cycle for 90 mins - experience 4-6 NREM/REM cycles per night
41
stage 1 NREM
hypnogogic state: relaxed state that is a transition from being awake to being asleep - may experience hallucinations, flashes of light and vivid images hypnogogic jerks: involuntary muscle twitches that cause us to jerk - lasts for around 5 mins - can be easily awakened because it is a light sleep
42
stage 2 NREM
- true sleep begins (can be woken fairly easily) | - 50% of total sleep
43
stage 2 NREM - physiological stuff
- eyes stop rolling - muscles become further relaxed - breathing and heart rate continue to decrease
44
stage 3 NREM
- marks start of deep sleep | - less responsive to external stimuli and more difficult to awaken
45
stage 3 NREM - physiological stuff
- eyes do not move - muscles are relaxed - heart rate and breathing becomes slower and more regular
46
stage 4 NREM
- deepest sleep | - low level of conscious awareness
47
REM
- eyes move rapidly for short bursts of time - first cycle lasts for 10 mins - if woken, believe we were day dreaming
48
REM - physiological changes
- repetitive bursts of rapid eye movement - heart rate and blood pressure increase and fluctuate - body temperature matches surrounding environment - no muscle tension (very relaxed to point of almost being paralysed: known as muscle atonia or cataplexy)
49
paradoxical sleep
- body appears calm on exterior (no muscle movement) but other bodily functions and brain are highly active (many features that are similar to being awake)
50
theories of sleep function
- evolutionary theory (circadian) | - restorative (restore and recover) theories of sleep
51
evolutionary
- increases chances of survival - depends on if predator or prey - depends on the need to find food - conserves energy
52
criticisms of evolutionary theory
- sleep is useful but not essential | - says sleep is a way to hide safely from predators, but the loss of awareness makes them vulnerable
53
restorative
- repairs and replenishes body for the next day - increases alertness - enhances mood - metabolic rate - activates growth hormone - increases immunity to disease
54
hormones involved
adenosine: produced when our cells use energy (cellular waste product that accumulates when we are awake)
55
criticism of restorative
- little evidence that more sleep is needed when physically active - if first assumption is true, might expect that those physically inactive do not need as much sleep but there is no evidence suggesting this. - assumption that body rests during sleep (brain is active and increased blood flow and energy expenditure occurs during REM sleep)
56
limitations of EEG
- poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the outer layer of the brain (i.e. cortex) - no detailed information about which particular structures of brain are activated and their functions
57
measurement of speed
- response or reaction time to a stimulus | e. g. such as reflexes
58
measurement of accuracy
- no of correct and incorrect responses
59
trend of NREM sleep
as it enters the stages, sleep gets deeper, breathing, blood pressure and heart rate slows
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