Cattle 3 Flashcards

Question

Quarantine drenching how should be performed properly

Answer 1

- Administer a combination (as many actives as possible) upon arrival - Quarantine animals for 3-4days (as eggs in the intestines not affected) on quarantine paddock where no other animals going to go on - By 10-14 days should be no more eggs coming out - do faecal egg reduction test - ensure drench working no resistance

Answer 2

- Ensure your farmers get the basics right ○ Accuracy of the drenching gun - needs to be calibrated ○ Weighing the animal to determine dose rate -> reasonable guess of weight and dose based on the HEAVIEST - Implement key concepts: ○ Refugia -to be done when HAVE resistance ○ Stay away from pour-ons ○ Combination drenches ○ Quarantine

Answer 3

- Dehydration - Electrolyte imbalance ○ loss of bicarbonate ○ acidosis -> hyperkalaemia (compensate for loss of bicarbonate) - heart will stop - Hypoglycaemia - Hypoproteinaemia

Answer 4

- Bovine pestivirus - bovine viral diarrhoeal virus ○ Noncytopathic (NCP) ○ Cytopathic (CP) § Note: The distinction between NCP and CP is laboratory based (what it does to cells in cell culture) and is not correlated with clinical pathogenicity Worried about naive infection in pregnant dam -> different effects <100, 100-150d, >150d

Answer 5

1) bovine virus diarrhoea virus (PI) 2) salmonella 3) yersinosis 4) Johne's disease

Answer 6

- High morbidity. Low mortality. - Short clinical disease ○ Mild, subclinical or not observed - Seroconvert and are subsequently immune - More severe form exists ○ Genotypic difference... BVDV II - but rare - Transmitted ○ Horizontally (oronasal) ○ Vertically (intra-uterine) ○ Iatrogenic (vaccines and other biologicals - contaminated with Pestivirus)

Answer 7

(no foetal immune system) ○ Embryonic or foetal death in ~30% § Return to service and absorption, if later than possible signs of abortion ○ Surviving calves § immuno-tolerant (thinks that virus is self) and § persistently infected (PI) - IMPORTANT CARRIER

Answer 8

``` ○ Could be born normal ○ Viral damage to developing organs § especially CNS ○ May be PI (persistently infected) or have high Ab levels Congenital Defects § CNS defects: □ Cerebellar hypoplasia □ Hydranencephaly □ Spinal hypomyelinogenesis § Ocular defects: □ Microphthalmia □ Cataracts - if have cloudy calf eye - THINK THIS □ Optic neuritis ```

Answer 9

○ Usually no clinical effect on foetus ○ Transitory, mild effect on dam ○ Virus free ○ Seroconverted to pestivirus

Answer 10

Mucosal disease - ALWAYS FATAL -generally younger animals generally low numbers affected - progressive diarrhoea - Disease occurs with simultaneous CP and NCP infection ○ Persistency infected with one strain and then infected with the other OR mutation of that strain - why they become clinical - not 100% sure - acute or chronic forms

Answer 11

- skinny, poor coat, oil scours - ill-thrifty calves - erosions in the mouth, gums, teeth and hard palate, - sharp pointy feet - infected coronary band - Thrombocytopaenia with bleeding in immuno-competent animals - petechiae bleeding - Increased susceptibility to other pathogens - immunocompromised - issue for feedlots - Reduced conception rates - Embryonic loss

Answer 12

``` 1. Virus isolation ○ Buffy coat of whole blood ○ Lymphoid organs 2. Antigen detection ○ Capture ELISA ○ Ear notch test ○ Positive -> PI or infected 3. Serology ○ Antibody detection using ELISA or SN ○ Antibody negative -> PI OR in early stages of BVB (need two pair samples) 4. PCR ○ Scope for use as screening of herds dt -> sensitivity DO antigen and serological testing -> distinguish between PI and infected ```

Answer 13

1) Elimination of PI animals ○ Do serology antibody test (cheaper than antigen) first -> if positive then NOT PI if negative then could not be exposed or PI so then do antigen testing on these (more expensive so lower population) if positive then PI -> cull 2) Controlled exposure ○ Ensure exposure prior to pregnancy - how to control? § Vaccination OR use PI as natural vaccinator -> just expose to a herd -> not that effective 3) Vaccination § “Pestigard” inactivated vaccine (poorer protection but immunosuppressed), 2 strains, 2 shots prior to joining then annual boosters. □ NEED TO KEEP DOING OTHERWISE VULNERABLE POPULATION (as ubiquitous in environment cannot eradicate from the environment) § Label claim to ↓ repro losses

Answer 14

- S. enterica subsp enterica ○ Lots of serotypes - S. Typhimurium and S. Dublin (abortion) most common ○ Also S. Bovismorbificans, S. Newport, S. Zanzibar, S. Montevideo… - Transmission primarily via faecally contaminated water

Answer 15

``` Epidemiology of S. Dublin - Host-adapted to cattle - Many cattle are subclinical carriers ○ Excretion increases during times of stress - calving, drought - Endemic in herds ○ outbreak then sporadic cases - More common in irrigation areas Epidemiology of S. Typhimurium - Shed by many species ○ (eg rodents and birds - if they get into silos and faecal contamination of feed) - Infections do not persist in cattle - Not endemic, but outbreaks may be prolonged ○ Spikes of infection ```

Answer 16

``` 1) Acute/Peracute Septicaemia ○ Often found dead ○ More common in calves ○ Peripheral gangrene § ears, tail and hooves 2) Acute enteritis ○ Anorexia, reduced milk production, pyrexia, depression ○ Profuse, putrid diarrhoea ± dysentery ○ Abdominal pain ○ Dehydration, recumbency, death 3) Abortion may occur subsequently ```

Answer 17

``` - Acute gastroenteritis ○ abdominal pain ○ vomiting and diarrhoea ○ Dehydration - BEWARE PPE - client and your own - NOTIFIABLE IN VICTORIA WITHIN 7 DAYS ```

Answer 18

- Absence of diarrhoea at the beginning doesn't rule it out - Faecal culture ○ May be negative in early stages of disease ○ Typing provides epidemiological information - Autopsy ○ Culture ○ Histopathology

Answer 19

- Need to be EARLY and AGGRESSIVE ○ Parenteral antibiotics ○ Farmer instituted (early) Tx under guidance - Choice of antibiotic based on C&S - on the area (Gippsland oxytetracycline) ○ Trimethoprim/Sulphonamide ○ Tetracyclines Supportive Therapy - Fluids ○ Oral supplemented with electrolytes ○ Intravenous for acidosis (NaCl/H2CO3) ○ NEED LOTS - 50L -> water, electrolytes/salts

Answer 20

- Short term ○ Treat clinical cases ○ Improve hygiene to reduce challenge ○ Do not send suspect animals to slaughter - contamination risk ○ Inactivated vaccine available - not really used § “Bovilis S” some value in face of outbreak but not for sporadic cases?) - Long Term ○ Closed herd - strict biosecurity ○ Vaccination ?

Answer 21

- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - Seasonal - usually Winter/Spring - Usually in younger stock (6 - 24 months) - Can be isolated from normal animals - Zoonotic potential Pathogenesis - Transmitted by faecal-oral route - Affected calves shed large numbers of bacteria - Disease occurs with ○ high challenge ○ immuno-compromisation

Answer 22

Clinical Signs - Morbidity varies, but mortality usually low - Mild fever, inappetance and lethargy - Diarrhoea is grey/green ± blood - Found dead; Die over a few days; or Recover Diagnosis - Faecal culture (can be hard to interpret) - Histopathology ○ differentiates pathogenic infection - DDx: ○ Salmonellosis, Coccidiosis, Ostertagiasis, Paramphistomiasis

Answer 23

- A major disease of dairy cattle in Victoria - Mycobacteria paratuberculosis (“M paraTB”, “BJD”) § There is evidence that beef cattle can be infected when co-grazing with OJD infected sheep - also occurs in goats, alpacas .... Prevalence - Worldwide - In Australia ○ Low prevalence in Qld, NT ○ WA claims to be free ○ Victoria has ~20% dairy herds confirmed affected § Much lower prevalence in beef herds

Answer 24

- Incidence of clinical disease is low - More serious for stud herds - decrease value of animals - potential biosecurity risk - May devalue property on sale - if someone asks about Johne's disease you have to say YES I HAVE HAD IT, don't need to advertise though - Subclinical disease may reduce production Crohn’s disease in humans - NO ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL WE THINK

Answer 25

- Transmission ○ Ingestion of faeces § Likely to be infected via faecal contents at birth ○ In utero (in clinical cases) - Infection occurs in young animals CALVES - Long incubation period -> do not show clinical signs until older - Preclinical/Carriers ○ shed bacteria for long periods of time ○ hard to detect using laboratory tests - Clinical disease is often initiated by periods of stress (ie early lactation)

Answer 26

- Clinical disease occurs in older animals - Chronic wasting -> unable to absorb food - Bright and alert, with good appetite - Profuse, green, oily/bubbly diarrhoea - Hypoproteinaemia with dependent oedema ○ Ventral and bottle jaw - Gradual debility and collapse -> wasting away

Answer 27

``` Lab Tests - Faeces ○ Demonstration of acid-fast organisms ○ Culture of bacteria (prolonged incubation) - takes weeks to months to grow - NOT GOOD WAY TO DO IT ○ Herd Environment Culture (herd pooled) ○ PCR - Serology ○ ELISA ○ Agar Gel Diffusion ○ CFT More Tests - Cell mediated immunity ○ Skin testing, Gamma-interferon - Tissue sampling ○ Ileocaecal valve and associated lymph nodes ```

Answer 28

- Use of multiple tests in series or parallel can provide better test performance in populations. - In series (Dx ‘+ve’ only if both tests are +ve) ○ gives high specificity § used for early stages of voluntary control programs (where you don’t want to incorrectly call a ‘clean’ herd ‘infected’) - In parallel (Dx ‘+ve’ if either test is +ve) ○ gives high sensitivity § used for import control by JD free areas (where you don’t want to inadvertently introduce an infected animal) - Still detection of pre-clinical STILL HARD

Answer 29

- Don’t treat cows with Johne’s Disease - Positive reactors to slaughter - Clinical cases to knackery - no meat on them

Answer 30

``` ○ Minimise the risk of introduction § Don’t introduce animals into the herd § Source introduced animals from low risk herds ○ Prevent spread if it is introduced § Detect infected adults and remove them § Manage calves to reduce exposure □ Reduce exposure to adult faeces □ Vaccinate ? • Silirum is a killed vaccine for cattle • Registered in Australia in 2014 • Reduces faecal shedding, and also clinical cases • Vet only product, under some limitations • OH&S !! ```

Answer 31

``` ○ Prevent spread § Detect infected adults and remove them § Manage calves to reduce exposure § Reduce exposure to adult faeces □ Vaccinate ? ○ Minimise the risk of further introduction § Don’t introduce animals into the herd § Source introduced animals from low risk herds ```

Answer 32

``` National JD Control Program - Aim ○ Limit the spread between areas and properties ○ Reducing the impact in affected animal groups - BJD Zoning ○ CTAS (Cattle Trade Assurance Scheme) - JDMAP (JD Market Assurance Program) - JDCAP (JD Calf Accreditation Program) - TCP3 (Test and Cull Program v3) ```

Answer 33

Salmonella, E.coli possibly

Answer 34

2 L of hypertonic fluids and 20 L of water orally - could also do this OR - 2 L of hypertonic fluids and 20 L of water with 200g NaHCO3 Isotonic fluids - providing increase in fluid without movement from any spaces Hypertonic fluids - placing molecules into vein, interstitial space volume then moves into veins - works quicker than isotonic solutions ○ Making dehydration worse - DON'T USE IN A DEHYDRATED ANIMAL ○ USE IN SHOCK

Answer 35

NOT DEHYDRATED - 2 L of hypertonic fluid IV and 20 litres of electrolyte solution orally (or just 20L water orally if not electrolyte solution) DEHYDRATED - 5 L hartmans (isotonic) IV over 20mins Assess hydration status clinically

Answer 36

1. Salmonella - except to be sick 2. Liver fluke - bottle jaw, hypoproteinaemia 3. Johne's disease - CLASSIC - chronic wasting disease 4. Simple indigestion - time period a bit long, signs of bloat and changes in abdomen 5. E.coli scours - CALF THING 6. BVD (bovine virus diarrhoea) - generally die before 7 years, adults are immune, calves that aren't will die quickly

Answer 37

1. Take a blood sample for Johne's ELISA 2. Notify the department 3. Advise the farmer to destroy her humanely on farm and send to knackery if possible condemned

Answer 38

- Cows are about 8% Blood - A red blood cell lasts on average 150- 160 days so non-regenerative anemias develop slowly - It can take 3 -4 days after a bleed for PCV drop and for reticulocytes to appear so test twice before calling it non-regenerative

Answer 39

Regenerative - Low protein = bleeding ○ Parasites, ulcers, caudal vena caval syndrome, bracken fern poisoning - High protein = haemolysis ○ Lepto, clostridia, tick borne diseases, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, brassica/plant poisonings, sporidesmin, zinc toxicity Non-regenerative - Macrocytic, normochromic ○ Cannot produce DNA quickly enough to divide at the right time. B12 deficiency - Normocytic normochromic ○ Just running out of cells –bone marrow problems-primary or secondary –chronic disease - Microcytic, hypochromic ○ possibly chronic blood loss (eg parasites)

Answer 40

- Bracken fern poisoning –bone marrow stops working, but the main clinical sign is blood loss - Parasites–cause blood loss but can become non-regenerative due to iron deficiency - Actually, any chronic regenerative anaemia will eventually become non-regenerative due to iron deficiency

Answer 41

1. Haemorrhagic disease ○ milk vein laceration, uterine artery laceration, abomasal ulceration, bracken fern poisoning, enzootic haematuria(chronic bracken), parasites 2. Haemolytic disease ○ Post-parturient Hb, plant poisonings, tick diseases, lepto, Cu/Zn toxicities, clostridia 3. Deficiency disease ○ Iron, Copper, Cobalt, Selenium/VitE, Magnesium 4. Non-regenerative disease ○ Bracken, liver disease, lead poisoning

Answer 42

``` - Acute blood loss ○ milk vein laceration ○ uterine artery laceration ○ Abomasal ulceration ○ acute bracken fern poisoning - Chronic blood loss ○ enzootic haematuria(chronic bracken) ○ Parasites ```

Answer 43

Regenerative anaemia - haemorrhage Milk vein laceration - Compression needed before you get there - Cut either side of the milk vein laceration Uterine artery laceration - Ligation of the artery if possible and removal or uterus - Pale, Dying of blood loss

Answer 44

- Acute and chronic disease forms seen ○ Acute = non-regenerative ○ Chronic = regenerative - Feed source not favoured by stock - Forced to eat when good pasture is limited - Young and juicy fern shoots most appealing and toxic - 2-8 weeks grazing minimum for toxin to take effect

Answer 45

- Youngstock e.g. recently weaned calves →2 y/o - Bone marrow toxin ○ Suppresses all cell lines - Results in pancytopenia ○ Thrombocytopaenia - shortest lifespan so will have an issue with these first ○ Anaemia ○ Leukopaenia - Pancytopenia leads to ○ Haemorrhage ○ Increased susceptibility to infection - Clinical Signs ○ Weak, ↑ Temperature (41-43°C) ○ Mucus membranes § Pale, Petechiation ○ Haemorrhage from body orifices e.g. mouth, nose, eyes or vagina, bloody diarrhoea ○ Harsh breathing (lung haemorrhage) ○ ↑HR (anaemia) ○ Often die in a few days

Answer 46

○ Remove stock from bracken fern area immediately ○ Medicate with § Antibiotics (prevent secondary infections) § Haematinics (e.g. Vitamin B12, iron) ○ ** petechial haemorrhages in calves is nearly pathognomonic for bracken fern poisoning ** ○ **NB Many cattle will still become ill up to 6 weeks later

Answer 47

``` enzootic haematuria - Chronic toxicity - Older cattle - Urinary bladder tumour - Less common presentation - Clinical signs ○ Haematuria (Ddx-Haemoglobinuria) ○ Urine containing blood that clots - PATHOGNOMONIC NEARLY - No treatment ```

Answer 48

1. Post parturient haemoblobinuria 2. Brassica and other plant (onion) poisoning 3. Tick associated diseases 4. Leptospirosis

Answer 49

- “red water” - CLASSIC RED URINE DISEASE OF CATTLE - 10 days to 6 weeks after calving - Can become very anaemic - Associated with various things - Phosphorus deficiency (high producing dairy cow), green oats, sub-clover - Increased blood cell fragility - Treat –phosphorus (iv or orally (powder), blood transfusions (5L IV)

Answer 50

``` Haemolytic anaemia - Forage brassicaee.g. ○ Forage rape/canola ○ Leafy turnip, Kale ○ Turnips, Swedes - Grown in cool temperate regions and sown in Spring / late Summer ○ High quality feed for summer/autumn when pasture quality is low - Quick and abundant feed ○ High digestibility ○ High energy ○ High protein - Results ○ Haemolytic anaemia ○ Photosensitisation ○ Carbohydrate overload ○ Choke/Bloat ○ GIT upset ○ Polioencephalomalacia ```

Answer 51

``` ○ Most common with kale ○ Caused by excess levels of amino acid compound S-methyl L-cysteine sulphoxide(SMCO) ○ Worse when soil minerals are § Low phosphorous § High nitrogen § High sulphur ```

Answer 52

- Plants become more toxic as they mature with flowers/seeds most toxic (when go purple, much variation between years, species) - Problems more likely if crops make up a large part of the diet for a long period - Clinical Signs ○ Lethargy & weakness ○ Depression ○ Anorexia ○ Red urine (haemoglobinuria) ○ Pale mucus membranes ○ Dyspnoea ○ ↑HR - Treatment ○ No specific treatment ○ Remove cows from brassica crop pastures ○ Medicate with § Haematinics (e.g. Vitamin B12, iron) § Blood transfusion (if anaemia severe)

Answer 53

Good Grazing Management ○ Restrict grazing to 1-2 hours per day (strip grazing) ○ Slowly increase to unrestricted access over 7-10 days ○ Never give hungry animals the chance to gorge themselves § Giving hay/silage and grain within dairy FIRST then place onto summer pasture so not hungry ○ Increased care when grazing more mature plants (i.e. purple/reddish/ bronzed leaf colouration) or urea-treated crops ○ Provide hay/pasture to limit brassica intake ○ Brassica less than 1/3 of total diet - THIS

Answer 54

``` - 3 tick-borne haemoparasitic infections ○ Babesia bovis(protozoa) ○ Babesia bigemina(protozoa) ○ Anaplasma marginale(rickettsia) - Tropical diseases - Cause ‘tick fever’ - 4th emerging, non-tropical disease ○ Theileria sp. (protozoa) ```

Answer 55

- part of Queensland is declared as a tick free zone and the remainder as a tick infested zone ○ Ticks are notifiable in QLD ○ “GBO –General Biosecurity Obligation” ○ Restrictions/requirements when moving cattle through the tick free zone ○ Even to an abattoir! - Effects ○ during outbreak 5% death, abortions, lose condition, high fever may result in toxic sperm event, decrease milk production ○ Live cattle export markets might be lost for 6 to 12 months after a tick fever outbreak. This can be far more costly than the outbreak.

Answer 56

- Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cause babesios is in Australia ○ Differentiate via blood smear - B. bovis causes 90% of disease and is much less pathogenic - Boophilus microplus is the tick vector in Australia

Answer 57

``` - younger cattle ○ High fever ○ Anorexia & depression ○ Weakness ○ Cessation of rumination ○ Drop in milk yield ○ ↑ HR & RR ○ Pale mucus membranes ○ +/-jaundice (late stages) ○ Haemoglobinuria(dark red/brown) = B. bigemina ○ Abortion ○ Cerebral signs (circling, head pressing, mania, incoordination followed by posterior paralysis, convulsions and coma –B. bovis) - Diagnosis ○ History ○ Regional knowledge ○ Clinical signs ○ Demonstration of protozoa in peripheral blood smears ```

Answer 58

- Treat sick cattle with a suitable drug e.g. Imidocarb and identify treated cattle ○ A single s/c injection ○ Treatment for 4w protection ○ Allows the cow to develop resistance by keeping ○ Babesia levels low ○ APVMA 'minor use' permit allows use in dairy cattle in Qld/NSW with a 14-day milk withholding period § OTHERWISE CANNOT USE IT - Apply acaricide to remove ticks - Blood transfusions often lifesaving!

Answer 59

- Trivalent vaccinations are available (B. bigemina, B. bovis, A. marginale) ○ chilled or frozen (frozen = -196 degrees in liquid Nitrogen!) ○ Frozen is useful where refrigeration is difficult - harder to chill ○ >$5 per dose ○ need a permit in some states ○ Immunity takes time (3-4w for Babesia; 8 weeks for Anaplasma) BUT is lifelong ○ Less reactions when given at 3-9 months of age Main issue if moving cattle from free to endemic areas -> NEED TO VACCINATE ○ Minimise the risk of tick fever in introduced cattle by vaccinating at least 60 days before cattle enter tick-infested areas

Answer 60

- Spread by tick vectors Boophilus microplus & Rhipicephalus sangeuineus - Young animals ○ susceptible to infection (subacute) ○ remain permanently infected but immune - >3 years ○ peracute fatal form (rare) ○ high producing dairy cows - Clinical Signs (Subacute form) ○ Temp <40.5C ○ Anaemia & jaundice ○ Haemoglobinuria is absent ○ Urine is often dark brown ○ Emaciation - Treatment/ Prevention ○ Tetracycline/Imidocarb ○ Vaccination

Answer 61

- Theileria orientalis - Buffeli genotype causes benign theileriosis in Victoria - Tick vector = Haemaphysalis longicornis, “the bush tick” - Clinical disease rare in endemically affected areas but common and severe in non-endemic areas due to immunity levels - Clinical signs ○ Fever, Anaemia ○ Tachypnoea ○ Exercise intolerance ○ Depression, Lethargy ○ Jaundice, Death ○ Abortion and still birth

Answer 62

``` - Diagnosis ○ PCV below 15% ○ Regenerative anaemia ○ Often jaundice ○ Demonstration of parasite within RBCs ○ PCR to distinguish between variants (at UOM!) - Treatment ○ Oxytetracyclineand/or imidocarb? ○ Blood transfusion ○ Minimise stress and movement ```

Answer 63

``` - Acute blood loss e.g. ○ Post-surgery –calf castration, dehorning ○ Lacerations of major vein e.g. mammary vein ○ Abomasal ulceration - Intravascular haemolysis e.g. ○ Postparturient haemoglobinuria ○ Haemoparasites - Clinical Signs ○ HR>100bpm ○ Rapid RR ○ White mucous membranes ○ +/-PCV <10% ```

Answer 64

- If PCV <10% a transfusion is probably necessary for survival - One litre of blood raises PCV by about 0.75% in a 550kg cow - Therefore 4 -6 litres needed to raise form life threatening 8% to 12% - In general don’t need to cross match donors for the first transfusion in a cows life

Answer 65

1. Safely restrain donor 2. Surgically prep donor neck + lignocaine 3. Raise donor vein with rope 4. Cut down on jugular vein - alternatively, insert wide bore catheter 5. Stir blood and anticoagulant constantly 6. Transfer blood to 5L bag 7. Place wide bore (12G) catheter in recipient ○ Superglue can be used to hold catheter and giving set in place 8. Allow blood to flow full bore

Answer 66

1) Calf health begins with cow management: ○ Cows with a poor breeding history removed from herd ○ Cow Body Condition Score § Heifer weight at mating and calving impacts risk of dystocia § Bull choice is important to reduce the risk of dystocia in heifers ○ Vaccinated against common neonatal disease 2) Calving environment ○ Protection from adverse weather ○ Limit environmental contamination with potential pathogens - hygiene is IMPORTANT 3) Close observation during calving ○ Allows timely intervention if a problem should occur ○ Hours (rather than minutes for foals) 4) Calf weight

Answer 67

- Lice - if this is the issue why immunosuppressed? - fluke, bracken fern, blood born parasites - Dermatitis/scurvy skin - Poor nutrition - Cooper deficient

Answer 68

1. Birth weight 30-35kg 2. Traumatic transition of birth ○ Anoxia, trauma, misadventure, poor suckling relfex ○ 4-5 times higher risk of death if traumatic birth 3. Immature immune systems ○ Passive immunity, poor immune response 4. Low energy reserves ○ Starvation, dehydration, temperature 5. Developing anatomy and physiology ○ Monogastric to ruminant, cardiovascular NUTIRITON, HYGIENE, HOUSING

Answer 69

- Management of dam 1. Dam nutrition § Dry of BCD 4.5-5.5 (dairy), 3 (beef) § Colostrum production (5 weeks pre-calving) § Transition nutrition, if wrong increase metabolic disease = increase calving complications □ 6 weeks coming up to calving increase nutrition to support calf growth and colostrum production § Affects calf size and viability 2. Pre-calving vaccination s § Presence of Abs during dry period = Ab in colostrum 3. Sire selection and mating § Calving ease Heifer size at first mating (260kg Jersey; 340Kg Holstein

Answer 70

- Calving environment ○ Clean, well-drained, observable, sheltered ○ Stocking rate - calving itself

Answer 71

1) Colostrum - IMPORTANT ○ 3 Q's § Quickly - within first 6-8hours of birth § Quality - SG >1.060 or Brix reading of > 22% (50mg/mL IgG) § Quantity - aim for 4L MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT AFFECTING RISK OF NEONATAL CALF DISEASES ○ How to assess colostrum management on the farm § Serum IgG - 10-12 healthy calves § Test the frozen colostrum stored 2) Calf rearing facilities ○ Design - space, orientation, ventilation, hospital pens ○ Hygiene - drainage, bedding, cleaning ○ Nutrition - feeding space 3) Calf nutrition - GIVE ACCESS TO ALL AT THE BEGINNING to ensure can wean as early as possible ○ milk + grain - allows to become functional ruminant ○ Water 4) Other factors ○ Transport, mixing groups, inconsistent feeding

Answer 72

- Foetal - during gestation - Parturient - during birth - Neonate - immediate following birth (<2 weeks) ○ Early (<48 hours) ○ Delayed (2-7 days) ○ Late (>7 days) - Yearling - > 6 months ○ Typically an animal in its second year

Answer 73

``` 1. Diarrhoea - common ○ Viruses: rotavirus, coronavirus ○ Bacteria: salmonella, E.coli ○ Parasites: Cryptosporidium, coccidia 2. Respiratory disease ○ Enzootic pneumonia ○ Mycoplasma 3. Navel/joint ill 4. Congenital disorders ```

Answer 74

- Parturition ○ Congenital defects ○ Hypoxia, poor suckle, reflex, misadventure - 1-7 days ○ Enterotoxigenic E. coli (diarrhoea) - 7-14 days ○ Navel/joint ill (local infection, septicaemia) ○ Rotavirus (diarrhoea) ○ Coronavirus (diarrhoea/respiratory disease) ○ Cryptosporidosis (diarrhoea) ○ Salmonellosis (diarrhoea) ○ Enzootic pneumonia (respiratory disease) Mycoplasma pneumonia (respiratory disease/septicaemia)

Answer 75

1. Umbilical hernia 2. Schistosomus calf 3. Fawn calf - congenial contractual arachnodactyly - angus 4. 2- headed calf - developmental disease or Pestivirus 5. Hydrocephalus - large dome heads 6. Arthrogryposis - Akabane virus, hereditary 7. Astresia ani and hypoplastic tail

Answer 76

outbreaks, not individuals ○ Triage is important - Acute, watery diarrhoea -> dehydration -> acidosis ○ High morbidity, high mortality, poor growth - Multifactorial disease complex ○ Nutrition, infectious agents, immunity ○ Agents often shed by healthy calves

Cattle 3 Flashcards

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