Pig 1 Flashcards

Question

what are the 3 main importance of stockpersons

Answer 1

``` - Supervise farrowing sows ○ Stillbirths ○ Overlays - Care for sows ○ Identify sick sows & treat ○ Daily monitoring (feed & water) - Care for piglets ○ Compromised ```

Answer 2

- Come in about 5 days before farrowing - Check number of functional teats and udder access -> can you get colostrum out of all of the teats ○ Important as this is how many piglets can raise -> if more born need to move to another pig

Answer 3

- Synchronize farrowing ○ supervision to reduce stillbirths and/or PWDths ○ AIAO farrowing rooms - PG or synthetic analogues ○ Lutalyse ○ Estrumate (not regd pigs-cattle, horses) - Not proper synchronisation just induce farrowing - Not < 112 days gestation - OH&S-pregnant women or asthmatics - IM or ½ dose if given IVulva ○ Split dosing best -2 shots 8am & 2pm on Day 114 > 75% of sows farrowed in working hours next day - Synchronisation -> If give 7am PG and then oxytocin 24 hours later -> will farrow straight away -> will increase risk of stillbirth

Answer 4

1. Floating the lungs in a bucket -> know took a breathe 2. If meconium is present likely to be stressed during farrowing so stillbirth 3. Tips on the pigs feet (slippers or snow shoes) if walked around will have been removed)

Answer 5

- Prevention ○ Observe farrowing esp. older parity ○ Cull sows with excessive history of SBs >30% ○ Cool sows in summer -> drip coolers ○ Don’t over-feed in gestation ○ Do manual examination if there are delays of 45 min ○ Judicious oxytocin 5 I U (will not move stuck pigs) - Risk factors ○ Anything that makes the parturition go longer -> older, fatter, larger litter sizes, dystocia

Answer 6

Train the staff to do this Place calving glove and lots of lube Skinny long arms Ensure check both uterine horns for piglets Give 1ml oxytocin IM after remove piglets

Answer 7

1. Energy -> so reduce the loss of energy on warming themselves -> give warming lamps, ensure not chilled ○ Require about 38 degrees when come out of the sow ○ TOUGH -> because sows want about 20 degrees 2. Colostrum

Answer 8

- First milk let down post farrowing - Rich in antibodies and energy -> needed as not getting antibodies during gestation - Produced continuously until afterbirth expelled - Only absorbed first 24 hours -> Vital for piglet survival

Answer 9

- Ensure small pigs suckle -> larger piglets generally on the front teats (get more colostrum and less likely to get - Timing of fostering is critical -> pecking order generally occurring within first 2-3 days so ensure done within this period otherwise increase fighting and sow will become stressed and reduce let down - Weaker piglets less chance - Split sucking -> rotate the piglets around on the teat within the first 24 hours so all get colostrum from mum if too many piglets and not enough functional teats ○ Can also milk colostrum from sows, manually or breast pump, freeze and thaw in hot water for piglets § Stomach tube the piglets if giving colostrum (20-30mls)

Answer 10

1. Hungry piglets initiate letdown or tight udder sow calls to piglets 2. They gather at the udder, find their teat and stimulate the udder 3. The sow grunts more frequently- oxytocin 4. She lets down for 10-20 seconds every hour ○ Important for the piglet to be on the teat at this point -> cannot be weak, sick, lame as will then miss milk for another hour -> further weak - Production: about 12 L per day (1L/piglet)

Answer 11

``` 1. Body condition ○ Over-fat > stillbirths, poor milkers ○ Too lean > pressure sores 2. Parity ○ Gilts>infectious diarrhoea -> less protection in their colostrum § E.coli and diarrhoea ○ Older gals >increased piglet birthweight variation; more stillbirths & overlays; blind teats 3. Past history ○ Stillbirths, mothering ability 4. Enough functional teats 5. Immunocompetence – E coli vaccination ```

Answer 12

``` - Heat lamps ○ Ideally ○ 2 lamps at birth ○ Movable ○ 175 watt lamp ○ Correct height ○ Mats in creep area ○ Covered creeps ○ Judge by piglet lying pattern ```

Answer 13

``` - Signs: ○ Off white, blood stained, or custard coloured discharge ○ More than 3 days post-farrowing - Treatments: ○ Oxytocin and antibiotics ```

Answer 14

``` - Signs: ○ Red to purple colour to skin ○ No appetite, fever, reluctant to move - Treatments: ○ Broad spectrum antibiotic. ○ Anti-inflammatories ```

Answer 15

- Trauma/overlays (40-55% of deaths) - Small and or weak (15-25%) - Starvation and chilled (5-10%) - Abnormalities (splays, blind rectum 3%) - Scours (5%) - Systemic ie arthritis, pneumonia etc (5%) - Can be a combination of causes ○ overlay ○ starvation ○ low viability

Answer 16

- Major cause of preweaning deaths - Primary overlays-piglet in the wrong place at the wrong time! - Secondary overlays-to some other condition - Important to differentiate the 2 Prevention - Cold piglets - Crate design-not enough “escape room” for piglets - Restless sows ○ Sick sows ○ Low water availability ○ Stockpersons disruptive ○ Feeding practices Piglet illnes

Answer 17

``` Small pigs <800 grams - low chance of survival - Hypothermic - Poor competitors - Poor teat or can’t reach - Rx: ○ Crib & bottle/tube feed ○ Foster to a nurse sow § Ensure the piglets being fostered have no more than 10 pigs on the one sow ```

Answer 18

- Safe, warm, place - Piglets are protected against chilling and crushing - Disadvantaged piglets all together ○ feeding is quicker - Improves the survival rates of at-risk-piglets

Answer 19

- No access to dirt so limited iron -> NEED TO SUPPLEMENT IN INDOOR SYSTEM -> iron injection within the first 5 days - Fe deficient can start at 10d - Fe sources - soil, parenteral (200mg), oral drenches - DX: Pale, laboured breathing - Causes of anaemia if Fe administered ○ Vitamin K or C deficiency ○ Wood shavings (preservatives-pentachlorophenol)

Answer 20

``` - Minimise weight loss in lactation: ○ <12 kg as target ○ Ad-libitum feeding ○ Diet specifications/ingredients/form ○ Water quantity/access/quality - Early intervention/treatments - Wean at 21 days + ```

Answer 21

* Lame sows * Thin sows * Hard floors * Wet skin * Good milkers

Answer 22

- about 10% of the herd at any one time - Bred on farms or bought from specific breeders (selected for characteristics associated with growth, feed efficiency and carcasses characteristics) - Selected at 20 weeks of age - Provide 2m^2 per gilt -> overcrowding and high temperatures BAD - 130Kg (will have variation within the herd, larger animals will have higher maintenance needs, problems first lactation and generally more lameness issues), 210 days at mating

Answer 23

- Farrowing rate usually about 70%, if run properly 90% can be achieved - Use vasectomised boars or mature boars to help with detection. 10mins 2 times per day ○ Some use synthetic progestagens (regumate - once remove animals cycle within 4 days) to synchronise oestrus in gilts § Used to get predictable number of gilts ○ CAN ALSO USE -> Using PG 600 (FSH/LH) to induce oestrus for gilts that have not cycled within 3 weeks of exposure to the boar § Not a good approach, even less effective than natural mating IN THE SUMMER PERIOD

Answer 24

○ 30 weeks -> mated on their SECOND heat (litter size increases, 1/2 to 1 pig mated after pubertal heat (1st heat)) - Predictable number of gilts -> 30-40% of herd needs to be culled each year for genetic gain and also to cull for lameness - Problems -> poor stimulation of oestrus, lameness (increase overlaying, decrease intake of feed, decrease performance), failure to come on heat

Answer 25

Parity -> maximum at 3,4,5 amount born alive per litter than starts to decline

Answer 26

0-16 hours before ovulation

Answer 27

- Fertilization occurs in the oviduct - The embryo migrate to the uterus ○ By Day 11 they are equally spread - The signal for pregnancy, oestrone sulphate, is given by day 9-11 and again between days 15-30 - PGF2alpha - produced in endometrium in non-pregnant sow goes to ovary via ovarian-uterine vessels ○ In pregnant animal gets stuck in endometrium

Answer 28

- Four embryos to maintain pregnancy - Foetal calcification by about 30 days - allows age identification of foetus helping with infectious disease investigation - Pregnancy check (ultrasound at 30d) - Foetal immunocompetence from day 70 -> able to combat some infectious diseases via mounting immune response -> can detect IgG in foetal tissues - Duration of pregnancy 115 days

Answer 29

1. Gilts not cycling -> lack of boar exposure, increase overcrowding, season 2. 21 day returns -> seasonal, handling of semen, fertility of the boars 3. Out of sequence returns 4. Low farrowing rate -> SEASON -> assuming management is good 5. Abortions -> 2% abortions is normal 6. Not in pig 7. Low litter size 8. Stillbirths 9. Long weaning to remating intervals

Answer 30

- Sows and gilts can be anoestrus in summer and early autumn (may only cycle for 12 hours) - SEASON - Gilts need to mature boar exposure to assist the rapid onset of puberty - Poor space allowance compromises oestrus detection - Feeding during lactation and intake around puberty affect later performance

Answer 31

1. Check feeding levels 2. Check space allowance (2m^2/sow) after weaning 3. Use FSH/LH combinations (PG600 or PMSG) at weaning for parity one sows

Answer 32

June lowest farrowing rate -> mated in February - WHEN HOT - To overcome seasonal factors increase the number of sows mated - But just check space allowance is OK and that cooling systems are in place

Answer 33

1. Heat check 2. Sow in head to head contact with boars 3. Insert catheter into the cervix 4. Attach semen bottle and let the sow "suck" in the semen

Answer 34

- Post cervical AI reduces semen dose and decreases boar stud load ○ Increases capacity to spread high value genes further

Answer 35

- Collection: gloved hand -> boar ejaculates 80-300m, 20-120 X 10^9 sperm - Insemination: need min 80ml 2-4 billion sperm - Extender: stored for 5-7 days at 15-18 degrees - AI semen survives 24 hours, eggs survive 8 hours

Answer 36

1. Heat detection and timing 2. Frozen semen (gilts) -> generally not used 3. Old semen 4. Storage temperature 15-18degrees 5. Collection procedure (temp and hygiene) 6. Addition of extender slowly (45mins) at 35 degrees 7. Inseminator skill and patience 8. Dose: less than 2.5x10^9 sperm 9. Volume (min 80mL)

Answer 37

1) classical swine fever 2) porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome 3) porcine myocarditis 4) erysipelas 5) porcine circovirus type 2 6) porcine parvovirus

Answer 38

First infection - after 30 days -> if before calcification will just resorb Crown rump length -> measured to determine the age of death

Answer 39

- 30-40% of gilts affected -> highly infectious - PBA decreased - Stillbirths/litter unaffected - Some sows failed to farrow - Duration 12 weeks - Clinical signs -> subclinical to clinical, abortions, still births, weak neonates - VACCINATE

Answer 40

- Pestivirus - An example of a viral disease infecting sows in mid gestation with consequent effect of neonates - Increase in mummies, stillbirths AND NEONATAL DEATHS

Answer 41

- Serology: get plenty (10 virals) ○ Snare the pigs, find the jugular groove, located the point of the sternum, stick site about 2-3cm cranial to the point of the sternum, direct the needle towards the top and midway along the neck - Foetal fluids - thorax/heart blood for IgG (after foetus age 70 day) - Histopathology - foetus and placenta - Virus isolation, PCR, or hemagglutination (HA), culture (foetal stomach, liver) - Record analysis - season and parity - Response to vaccines in gilts

Answer 42

1) Leptospirosis 2) erysipelas - most common 3) porcine myocarditis 4) cogenital tremors 5) porcine parvovirus 6) menangle 7) encephalomyocarditis 8) porcine circovirus type 2

Answer 43

1) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome | 2) classical swine fever (eradicated)

Answer 44

``` (AUS) EPI - Direct contact, abrasions, water borne, rodent spread - Other species (cattle, wildlife, dogs) can be infected - ZOONOSIS PATH Septicaemia and localisation in kidney Local infection - endometritis Late infection in utero most common ```

Answer 45

vaccine -> YES treatment - 400-800g OTC for 4 weeks prevention - Hygiene, biosecurity

Answer 46

(AUS) - common - Infection via oral route or skin - Bacteraemia and fever, inflammation evident - vaccine - YES - treatment - Amoxycillin - prevention - Hygiene (penicillin for growers)

Answer 47

Congenital tremors (AUS) - Pestivirus - Lesions inapparent - Diagnosis based on clinical signs (tremors) - Gilt litters most commonly affected

Answer 48

- vaccine - NO - treatment - Colostrum within the first few days, tremors will decrease as age - prevention - Gilt exposure - immunity after infection

Answer 49

Porcine Parvovirus (AUS) - Oronasal, venereal - Viraemia, transplacental infection - vaccine - YES - prevention - Gilt exposure

Answer 50

Menangle V (AUS) - Paramyxovirus originating in fruit bats and spread to pigs - ZOONOTIC pathogenesis - Adult asymptomatic - In utero infection resulted in apparent viraemia, abortion, craniofacial deformities - vaccine - NO - prevention - Gilt exposure, flying fox control

Answer 51

(AUS) - Infection of rats, amplified by mice and spill over to pigs - Oral infection Path - Viraemia and localisation in heart muscle Transplacental infection All ages affected - vaccine - NO - prevention - Gilt exposure, rodent control

Answer 52

NOT IN AUS - Respiratory, oral or persistent venereal infection - Infection in meat demonstrated path =- Immune response capacity severely compromised

Answer 53

vaccine - YES treatment - RNA virus can mutate and can come back into previously infected herds prevention - Stabilise herd, reduce shedding

Answer 54

(eradicated) - Direct contact, oral or respiratory routes, semen, fomites (vehicles) path - Lymphoid depletion, virus persists - vaccine - YES - prevention - OIE listed, test and slaughter, quarantine on arrival

Answer 55

``` (AUS) - Oronasal infection - Pig to pig path - Immunosuppressive disease - Viraemia with predilection for lymphoid tissue - vaccine - YES - prevention - Gilt exposure ```

Answer 56

``` - Baby pigs: ○ Splayleg in piglets, Polyarthritis - Weaners: ○ H parasuis, S suis - “Older” pigs: ○ Superficial injury/trauma – Arcanobacterium (Trueperella) pyogenes ○ Mycoplasma hyosynoviae ○ Erysipelas ○ Degenerative joint disease ○ PSS - Porcine stress syndrome ○ Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency ```

Answer 57

1. Lameness is a major cause of culling in breeding stock -> About 25% wastage. 2. AI -> some lameness still allowed as not natural mating, but not good for mothering 3. Arthritic joints must be boned + 16% penalty -> economical

Answer 58

1. Assess the extent of the problem ○ Walk through observing all pigs -> better when the pigs are up and moving around, feeding time, movement from sheds ○ Take a history (treatments, culls, deaths) 2. Evaluate individual pigs (observe, hands-on) -> pick up the feet, harder higher up on the legs 3. Consider environment (especially floors) -> especially for older sows 4. Consider nutrition (quality control) -> more with hobby farmers 5. Laboratory diagnosis (post-mortem) -> how to choose the PM pig ○ Untreated, clinically affected pigs, soon after onset of signs

Answer 59

- Landrace linked ??? - Slippery surfaces - exacerbates the issue - Induction of farrowing < 112 days -> NEGATIVE OF THIS Treatment - Tape legs together - Crib and heater to prevent overlays - Massage! - Non-slip creep surface Poor prognosis if front and back legs affected otherwise generally do well

Answer 60

1) mycoplasma, actinbacillus suis, haemophilus parasuis, E.coli, staphylococcus suis, streptococcus suis 2) Haematogenous -> via vaccination, tail docking, teeth clipping, scraps from flooring, tail bite 3) - Improve conditions - Improve the machinery and procedures

Answer 61

- May result in cellulitis and/or osteomyelitis in deeper tissues. - Clinical signs: Lameness involving one or more limbs; unwilling to stand.

Answer 62

- Infects joints secondary to soft tissue damage and infection - May be secondary to tail biting

Answer 63

- Drain covers -> can get dew claw caught - Prevention- repair (sharp edges), re-surface rough concrete Treatment - topical - parenteral antibiotic – early - anti-inflammatory. - Cull/euthanasia -> need to be able to weight bear on all four legs before travel in trucks to abattoir

Answer 64

- Mycoplasma hyorhinus, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Erysipelas, H parasuis, S suis

Answer 65

- Uncommon in Australia - Usually in weaners. - Transmitted from oro-nasopharynx - Disease after local damage to respiratory epithelium -> septicaemia -> polyserositis / polyarthritis. - Clinical signs: fever (39C+), lameness and abdominal discomfort with polyserositis (DDx H parasuis). - Diagnosis: Necropsy - polyserositis, fibrinous exudate; PCR; Response to treatment - Treatment: Tylosin/Lincomycin/Tiamulin + antiinflammatory

Answer 66

- In the snouts of 60-70% of pigs at slaughter - Most common in weaners & growers, but may affect gilts >>> low to moderate morbidity and very low mortality. - Transmission vertical (“Carrier" sows tonsil) or horizontal (at weaning). - Clinical signs: ○ Painful, swollen joints, but usually afebrile ○ Excess synovial fluid may distend joint - Diagnosis: ○ Age of onset ○ Afebrile and lacking polyserositis ○ Lesions restricted to synovium at necropsy ○ PCR ○ Response to treatment - Treatment: ○ Tylosin / Lincomycin/ Tiamulin ○ + Corticosteroid /Flunixin IM

Answer 67

- Main manifestation is OCD - Predilection sites: ○ medial humeral and femoral condyles ○ growth plates of costochondral junctions- ○ distal ulnae ○ ischial tuberosities. - Clinical signs occur from 4 months / > 100kg. - Results in high cull rates (34-100%) in breeding pigs. - Aetiology unknown-multifactorial: ○ genetics (muscular, heavy pigs) ○ Nutrition- quantity vs. quality ○ environment / management

Answer 68

Pathogenesis - OCD-disturbed endochondral ossification in the growth cartilages. - Osteochondrosis- Cartilage flaps, or areas with loss of cartilage result in exposure of subchondral bone to the joint cavity >> results in pain & lameness. Clinical signs - Moderate/severe lameness in 1 or more legs-“kneeling” walk or on tip toes - Onset may be insidious - progressive lameness - probably when osteoarthrosis develops or sudden following trauma - Involvement of synovial joints of vertebrae -> kyphosis

Answer 69

``` Diagnosis - Clinical signs - Post-mortem lesions ○ Joint cartilage has folds and flaps, craters expose bone, Excess synovial fluid, Villous proliferation, Joint “mice” ossified, Osteophytes Treatment: - Rest & anti-inflammatories - poor prognosis Prevention: - None since cause unknown; Good floor surfaces - bedding or dirt lots ```

Answer 70

○ absolute Ca, P, Vit D deficiencies ○ imbalanced ratio of Ca:P (target 1.3:1) ○ feed mixing issues ○ cost cutting.

Answer 71

- Rickets: ○ pigs unwilling or unable to stand ○ enlarged joints, skull disproportionately large ○ bowed, truncated limbs ○ fractured long bones, ribs or vertebrae ○ paresis or paralysis ○ Histo: bones poorly mineralized; fractures - Osteomalacia: ○ lameness or inability to stand late in pregnancy/ lactation/weaning ○ Poorly mineralized bones; secondary fractures

Answer 72

- A “side-effect” of the ”Halothane gene” – used in the past to increase lean yield. - Lesions: Rapid development of rigor mortis. Pale, soft, "watery" musculature – dt denaturation of muscle protein. Pathology - Stress -> XS adrenaline ○ muscle glycogenolysis & XS lactic A ○ high metabolic rate ○ increased muscle temperature ○ tremor/muscle rigidity ○ collapse > death

Answer 73

Diagnosis: clinical signs + blood test for stress gene. Prevention & Treatment: - Cull homozygotes - Rest; Cool hosing; Sedation - Avoid mixing stress-susceptible animals - Market animals on dry, cool days - Genetic selection: Tests incoming animals for stress gene

Answer 74

- Mulberry heart disease (most common) / Hepatosis dietetica. - Weaners-”good pigs found dead”. - Selenium and Vitamin E prevent XS lipid peroxidation of cell membranes - Deficiencies: ○ absolute Se/Vit E deficiency ○ Vitamin oxidation in rancid food ○ rapidly growing pigs exceed average requirements in the diet.

Answer 75

- Diagnosis: ○ History, clinical signs, and characteristic lesions ○ Unexpected deaths in best pigs ○ Heparinized blood for glutathione peroxidase ○ Histology - coagulative necrosis of muscle fibers - Prevention: ○ Good feed management ○ Sodium selenite supplement in diet - 0.3ppm Se

Pig 1 Flashcards

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