DVM 3 - 2 > Cattle 7 > Flashcards

Cattle 7 Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Why does biosecruity interest vets

A
  • Prevent import of diseases or pest species!
  • Comply with State Laws
  • Some states require vets to sign off on things before inter-state movement
  • Comply with Industry Requirements
  • LPA requires all farmers to have a biosecurity plan –some need help!
  • Johne’s Disease schemes require vets to oversee biosecurity plans
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2
Q

LPA what is it, how to become a member, the requirements and what ensures meat safety for the industry

A

Australian livestock industry’s on-farm assurance program

  • Voluntary, but necessary - needed in order to sell your animals to abattoir
  • In practical terms, ALL farmers are members of LPA
  • Seven requirements:
    1. Property risk assessments
    2. Safe and responsible animal treatments
    3. Stock foods, fodder crops, grain and pasture treatments
    4. Preparation for dispatch of livestock
    5. Livestock transactions and movements
    6. Biosecurity
    7. Animal Welfare - national animal welfare standards NOW - previously state level
  • In a regulatory sense, LPA + NVD (national vendor declaration) + NLIS (ear tag) assures food safety for the red meat industries.
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3
Q

Define biosecurity

A
  • A set of planned steps to prevent spread of infectious disease (or invasive plants)
    ○ External (new introductions)
    ○ Internal spread within an operation
    ○ Not all risk can be eliminated –need to minimise the opportunity
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4
Q

What are the 7 main bio security essentials - EXAM

A
  1. Farm Inputs
  2. Farm Outputs
  3. People
  4. Vehicles and Equipment
  5. Production Practices
  6. Ferals and Weeds
  7. Train, Plan and Record
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5
Q

Essential 1 for biosecurity essentials is what and what are the 5 considerations within

A

FARM INPUTS

  • 1.1 Introducing new plants and animals
  • 1.2 Animal Feed
  • 1.3 Banned Animal Material
  • 1.4 Water Sources
  • 1.5 Fertiliser
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6
Q

What advice to get farmers about importing stock to ensure proper biosecrutiy

A

1) Appropriate Stock
○ Ask for an NVD and CHS
1. National Vendor Declaration (an LPA document certifying freedom from residues)
□ Must be a ‘member’ of LPA
□ A voluntary document
□ Required by abattoirs!
2. Cattle Health Statement (an AHA document about disease risk)
□ Cattle Health Declaration
□ Voluntary
□ Penalties for filling it in incorrectly
- Testing for pestivirus
- Were they born on the farm? - mainly for Johne’s disease
○ If have Johne’s positive NEED TO WRITE ON THIS
○ Co-grazing with dairy cattle - higher risk
○ Ask to see their biosecurity plan!
2) Quarantine/Insepction of introduced stock
3) Testing/Treatment of introduced stock

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7
Q

What are important disease to avoid getting from stock/equipment and people with the biosecurity plan and which on cattle health statement

A
  • Johne’s disease - THIS
  • Mycoplasma
  • Theileria
  • Digital dermatitis
  • Resistant GIT worms
  • Trichomonas
  • Pestivirus - THIS
  • Enzootic bovine leucosis
  • Strep agalactiae
  • Penicillin resistant S. aureus
  • Salmonella
  • Anthrax - THIS
  • Vibriosis - THIS
  • Ticks / Tick fever - THIS
  • Cannot just rely on cattle health document as all diseases are important
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8
Q

How to prevent Johne’s disease from entering farm with biosecruity plan

A
  • J-BAS
    ○ Johne’s Beef Assurance Score
    ○ Self-assessment by herd owner
    ○ Transition arrangements mean that most herds will have score 7 or 8
    ○ Written on animal health statement
    ○ J-BAS is “optional” but penalties apply for dishonesty
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9
Q

Mycoplasma what diseases does it lead to and how to test for

A

○ untreatable mastitis in dairy and beef cows
○ severe pneumonia in up to 30% of infected calves, starting as a hacking cough
○ ear infections in calves
○ abortions
○ severe arthritis/synovitis in all ages of cattle
○ transmitted by cows, semen, milk, equipment
○ no useful individual test
○ Bulk milk PCR provides some assurance

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10
Q

Mycoplasma and theileria why important for biosecuirty and how to prevent

A

important when naïve herd is exposed - devastating for a few years then get antibodies and the effects slow down

  • PCR, blood or milk
  • history of the herd and origin is important
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11
Q

Digital dermatitis why important as part of biosecuirty and how to prevent

A 
○ Difficult to treat
○ Seems to be infectious
○ Treponemes likely involved
○ Probably impossible to eradicate
○ Cows or equipment
○ Clean lameness gear!
○ Check cows carefully and check herd of origin history
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12
Q

Pestivirus how to prevent within the herd

A 
○ Test all introductions for Pis - easy to do 
○ Simple ear notch test $10ish
○ Protect stock if your herd is endemic!
○ Big losses in the first year
○ Control is expensive
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13
Q

Enzootic bovine leukosis why important to be on biosecruity plan, what need to test and how

A

○ A retrovirus
○ The Australian dairy industry is free of EBL - open up markets
○ The beef industry isn’t - NEED TO TEST BEEF BULLS
○ There is a good blood/milk test
○ It’s a condition of milk supply to test any beef animals entering dairy farms
○ Disinfect equipment from beef farms

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14
Q

What are the considerations for farm output and people as part of the biosecruity essentials

A
  1. FARM OUTPUTS
    - Moving plants and machinery on and off the property
    - Shows and Sales
  2. PEOPLE
    - Property Access
    - Signage
    - Visitor Risk Assessment
    - Visitor contact with Plants and Animals
    - General Hygiene
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15
Q

What are the 7 important considerations with vehicles and equipment as part of biosecurity essentials

A 
1 Equipment Hygiene
 2 Dedicated Equipment
3 Storage Areas
4 Vehicle Entry Points
5 Vehicle movement and parking
6 Run-off from vehicle wash areas
7 Roads and Tracks
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16
Q

What are the 8 main considerations with production practices as part of the biosecuirty plan

A
  • 5.1 Water Management
    ○ Especially Johne’s disease - cutting off water supply
  • 5.2 Animal Manure and Waste (botulism)
  • 5.3 Feed Management (listeria, aspergillus, salmonella)
  • 5.4 Fencing (vibriosis, Johne’s…)
  • 5.5 AgVetChemicals
  • 5.6 Monitoring and Surveillance
  • 5.7 Spread of disease within the herd (vaccination programs)
  • 5.8 Spread of disease to and from humans (Q fever, lepto, tetanus, Hendra)
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17
Q

What is involved in feral and weeds and train, plan and record as part of biosecurity essentials

A
  1. FERAL AND WEEDS
    - Wild/feral animals (neospora, salmonella)
    - Weeds
  2. TRAIN, PLAN AND RECORD
    - Review plan
    - Plan visibility
    - How to make a plan ?!
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18
Q

How to make a biosecuirty plan and what does it give

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Make sure that all the checklist is applied on an individual farm
  • The farm has a “Plan” for each element
  • More like a “policy” than an audited QA program, although it is subject to review
  • Need to INDIVIDUALISE the generic plan as not all risks are applicable to all farms
  • Assess each risk
  • Make a note about how the farm is managing each risk if appropriate
  • Rate the current status
    Sign -> to say that you discussed the biosecurity plan
    GIVES - evidence that each risk has been assessed
19
Q

What are the 4 main types of vaccines

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. attenuated (modified live) vaccines - S4 - prescription only
  2. inactivated (killed) vaccines
  3. toxoid vaccines
  4. Subunit/conjugate
20
Q

Attentuated (modified live) vaccines, what do they do, pros and cons and main examples

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A
  • Mimic natural infection and response
  • Mostly viruses
  • Mostly prescription only remedies
    PROS
  • Both antibody and cell mediated immunity
  • Life-long immunity possible after 1 or 2 doses
    CONS
  • May be contraindicated in pregnancy/ immunocompromised
  • Less stable –storage is very important
  • Generally need to be used immediately after opening or reconstituting - storage and handling important
  • Babesia, BEF, BHV1 (intranasal), scabigardin sheep (not S4!)
21
Q

Inactivated (killed) vaccines what are they mostly, pros and cons and examples

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A
  • Mostly bacteria (haemonchus in sheep!)
    PROS
  • Much more stable
  • Can use in pregnancy
    CONS
    -Need adjuvants
  • Mostly require 2 doses
  • Generally, must not freeze –stops vaccine working and increases reactions
  • Often cause tissue/systemic reactions –esp gram negative bacterins
  • Most production animal vaccines –clostridia, lepto, pinkeye, vibrio etc
22
Q

Toxoid vaccines what are they, useful for and pros and cons

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A 
PRO - Safe and stable
- Target the toxin and not the organism
- Useful where the immune system does not have access to the organism
○ botulism in the gut
CON
- No ‘herd immunity’
- mostly need boosters
23
Q

Conjugate/subunit vaccines what are they, examples of use

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Small proteins too small to cause an immune response can be conjugated to a carrier protein
  • Immunological vaccines in cattle/sheep
    ○ Bopriva, Improvac–anti GnRH in cattle,pigs
    ○ Ovastim–anti androstenedione, causes multiple ovulation
24
Q

What are the 5 main reasons to vaccinate

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Prevent disease spread (infection)
  2. Prevent disease in animals
  3. Prevent disease in humans
  4. Prevent disease in offspring (increase colostralantibodies)
  5. Reproductive control
25
What are the 13 main diseases vaccinated for cattle and the pathogens
1. Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans sub spp Hardjo, Pomona) 2. Clostridial diseases (C. tetani, C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. perfingens type D, C. novyi) 3. Vibriosis (C. fetus sub sp venerealis) 4. Botulism (C. botulinum) 5. Respiratory diseases (BHV1, Mannheimia) 6. Pestivirus 7. Calf scours (E. coli K99, Coronavirus 1/3, rotavirus g6/g10, and C. perfringens C and D toxoid) 8. Pinkeye (M. bovis) 9. Salmonella (Various species) 10. Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF1) 11. Tick fever (Anaplasma and Babesia) 12. Johne’s disease (M. partuberculosis) 13. Anthrax (B. anthracis)
26
What will most farms vaccinate against, in general, dairy and feedlots
- Most people will vaccinate against clostridial disease and pinkeye in November ○ Very cheap and enterotoxaemia and tetanus always present and so risk high if don't vaccinate - Most dairy farmers vaccinate against Lepto (beef farmers should!) - Most farmers vaccinate against vibriosis (except Tasmania) - Most feedlots vaccinate against respiratory diseases
27
Clostridial disease 5 in 1 vaccine what does and doesn't it include
- Killed vaccine containing antigens to ○ Cl. perfringens type D (Enterotoxaemia, pulpy kidney) ○ Cl. novyitype B (Black Disease, Malignant oedema) ○ Cl. Chauvoei(Blackleg, Malignant oedema) ○ Cl. Septicum(Malignant oedema) ○ Cl. Tetani (Tetanus) - But NOT ○ Cl. Botulinum (Botulism)
28
Leptospirosis why important to vaccine, when, type and regime
- Vital to protect not only cattle but human health - Lepto commonly spread to humans in the dairy from urine splash - Vaccine stops it at the blood stage - if already in kidney will continue to spread - NEED TO VACCINATE BEFORE EXPOSURE - All dairy cattle should receive 7 in 1 vaccine - BRAND MATTERS (Ultravac 7 in 1 - only vaccine registered to stop cows shedding lepto) - In general, calves need 2 vaccines a month apart then annual boosters to all adult stock - Specific regime depends on the brand of vaccine - Ultravac - Initial Course ○ 2 x 2.5 ml doses 4 to 6 weeks apart ○ From 1 month of age (NB If calves are less than 3 months at 2ndvaccination, need 3rdbooster 6 months later) - Annual boosters -2.5 ml at dry off
29
Vibrosis what is it, carried by and therefore who should vaccine, when and regime
- Sexually transmitted disease of cattle - Transmitted by bulls -show no signs. Cases found in Timboon bull fertility study - Carried by cows -abort 3-5 months later - Vaccinate bulls! - unless outbreak then maybe cows as well ○ Commonly get lump and have pyrexia for a few days - TOXIC SPERM EVENTS possible - infertility associated § Finish vaccinations a couple months before mating - Initial Course ○ 2 x 5ml doses 3-6 weeks apart ○ Ideally finish 2 months before mating - Annual Booster ○ 5ml 6-8 weeks prior to mating
30
Botulism why would and woldn't you vaccinate
- not part of 5 in 1 - some do and other don't need booster - expensive - important in hot climates and phosphorus deficient areas
31
Respiratory diseases where are they vaccainted against, what is the main ones and regime
- Esp feedlots - Mannheimia haemolytica - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(BHV1) - 2 shots initially(14-180 d apart) - Annual boosters - also an intranasal BHV1 (S4, single dose, 14d WHP) - And a single shot inactivated Mannheimia vaccine
32
Pestivirus (BVDV) vaccination protection, how often give, when to vaccinate or not?
- ~80% protection –relies on herd immunity - Label directions to use a metho swab - 2 doses 4w-6m apart then annual boosters - No immunity until 2w after 2nd dose - 2nd dose 1 month before first breeding - The decision to vaccinate or not is not simple ○ If serology negative - no Pestivirus in herd then possibly don't need to vaccinate § BUT could also buy cows with pestivirus then if infect cows while pregnant - BAD OUTCOMES □ Just get good biosecurity? ○ If endemic and animals are already immune then is the vaccine needed?
33
Rotavec what does it do, dosage and what if miss a dose
- Vaccinate adults to improve colostrum quality - Antibodies against ○ Rotavirus ○ Coronavirus ○ Pathogenic E coli ○ Clostridium perfingens - Initial dose 10-12 weeks before calving - Second dose 4-6 weeks later = 4-6 weeks before calving - Annual booster 4-6 weeks pre-calving - Timing is important ○ If miss the shot 4-6 weeks later and its been 3 months do you need to prime again with another 2? § Answer is NO just give the shot and go annual after that BUT for that period between you weren't protected
34
Salmonella vaccine regime, when give
- Initially ○ Two doses about a month apart - Annual Boosters ○ Single dose at dry off/calving - gram negative so performance will decrease - Vaccinating in the face of an outbreak is common
35
3 day sickness (Bovine empheral fever) main issue iwth vaccine, how often give and what does it do
- S4 - use when an issue - 2 part vaccine that must be mixed and used immediately - 2 shots 2w-6mo apart - Reduces severity of disease - Important where BEF is endemic
36
Tick fever vaccination when should use, main one available and time for immunity
- Minimise the risk of tick fever in introduced cattle by vaccinating at least 60 days before cattle enter tick-infested areas - Trivalent vaccinations are available (B. bigemina, B. bovis, A. marginale) - need permit in some states - Immunity takes time (3-4w for Babesia; 8 weeks for Anaplasma) but if lifelong Pour-on and injectable tick control chemicals do not kill seed ticks soon enough to prevent the transmission of Babesia bovis.
37
Johne;s disease vaccine what called, when vaccinate and what is important
- Silirum® - Vaccinate as calves –single dose - Cattle can never be exported ○ Must apply 3 hole punch to ear in some states ○ Must update NLIS - Special vaccination gun - AS DANGEROUS REACTIONS IF GET OURSELVES
38
Anthrax vaccine who gives
Voluntary”, by permit from Department of Ag only ○ Vets not involved - On farms previously diagnosed with anthrax
39
In terms of vaccination planning what need first
- Need a good history ○ Presence and degree of challenge of particular diseases § Including timing of disease ○ Management practices § in extensive systems, yarding may not occur commonly - tack vaccination during these times § herd status (open or closed) –agisting or purchasing animals changes the risk profile § Breeding program and bull management § Calving periods and pregnancy diagnosis records (for colostrum boosting vaccines)
40
In terms of vaccination planning how to make a good plan after a good history has been taken
○ Protect the calf against calf pathogens if necessary § Colostrum boosting vaccines ○ Protect the calf from weaning to herd entry § 7 in 1 in all stock ○ Respiratory diseases in feedlots § Others as required ○ Protect the herd § Mostly boosters, unless new diseases appear ○ Protect the Bulls § Vibriosis, Pestivirus § Other vaccines –often out of sync with the rest of the herd □ Still need 5 in 1 vaccines
41
Vaccine adverse reactions what are the 3 main ones and what result in
1) Anaphylaxis ○ Uncommon ○ Responds to adrenaline 2) Delayed hypersensitivity ○ Local or general. Also uncommon. Also adrenaline 3) Endotoxin reaction - common ○ Reaction to endotoxin and other bacterial components of g-ve vaccines ○ Anorexia, drop in production, early embryonic loss, shock ○ Esp Holsteins
42
Combining vaccines what is the general rule and give examples
``` - DON’T GIVE MORE THAN 2 GRAM NEGATIVE VACCINES ○ Gram negative vaccines § Vibrosis § Respiratory disease § Calf scours (E. coli) § Pinkeye § Salmonella § Johne's disease ```
43
Technique for the vaccination of cattle
- Vaccinate in the neck if possible - Behind the ear where label directions require - Above and lateral to the udder in dairy cattle ok for G+ vaccines - Use a short needle - Use a “Sekurus” gun with dangerous vaccines
DVM 3 - 2
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