Exotics 1 Flashcards

Question

What are important factors in prevention of reptile skin conditions

Answer 1

``` ○ Correct POTZ range ○ Appropriate heat source and UVB type for species ○ Furnishings to assist ecdysis ○ Safe stocking rates ○ Dedicated hygiene § Cleaning substrate § Ventilation § Filtration ○ Quarantine and mite prevention ○ Balanced diet and supplements appropriate to species ```

Answer 2

``` Rabbits -> 4 Ferrets -> 4 Guinea pigs -> 1 Rats -> 6 mice -> 5 ```

Answer 3

- Fastidious and mutual groomers - Seasonal moult - Females line nest with hair - Glands under chin and inguinal pockets - Haired pinnae - Two areas in ears to examine - No foot pads

Answer 4

- Very thick skin! - Seasonal alopecia - Haired pinnae - +++ sebaceous glands - 2x perianal scent glands

Answer 5

- Short, long, whorled hair - Glands over the rump and around the anus - Non-haired pinnae - Need dietary vitamin C

Answer 6

1) Fur mite – Cheyletiella parasitovorax - waling dandruff, mild pruritis and alopecia 2) Fur mite – Leporacarus gibbus - salt and pepper look 3) Ear mite – Psoroptes cuniculi - crusty exudate in ear, intensely pruritic and painful 4) Rabbit fleas (and cat and dog fleas) - pruritis Dx -> sticky tape prep Tx -> selamcentin (revolution) - advantage for flea NO FIBRONIL IN RABBITS

Answer 7

``` 1) fleas - pruritis, dull coat, patchy alopecia Dx - visualisation, flea dirt 2) scabies - pruritis and alopecia Dx - deep skin scrap, clinical signs Tx -> both selamectin (revolution) ```

Answer 8

``` 1) Sarcoptic Mange “Foot rot” - alopecia, intense pruritus, pain, nails can slough Dx - deep skin scrap Tx - ivermectin 2) Ear mite – Otodectes cyanotis - head shake, scratch, pruritis Dx - smear Tx - adovate (moxidectin) 3) Fleas (Dog & Cat) Dx - visualisation Tx - advantage (imidacloprid) ```

Answer 9

1) Fur mites (multiple species) - greasy pruritic dermatitis, ulceration Dx - sticky tape prep Tx - ivermectin 2) Fleas (Dog, Cat, Wild rodent fleas) - dull coat Dx - visualisation Tx - frontline (fibronil) 3) Lice (Pediculosis) - weight loss, alopecia Dx - exclusion and treatment trail Tx - ivermectin

Answer 10

- Common in areas where moisture can build up - S. aureus mostly, but can be variety of bacterial aetiologies Clinical signs - Moist, exudative lesions - Ulcerative lesions - Folliculitis - Secondary ileus (reduced or absent gut sounds) Treatment - Clip and clean through to surgical debridement - Barrier creams and topical antibiotic creams through to systemic antibiosis and analgesia ○ Beware of secondary dysbiosis Avoid corticosteroid based preparations - NEVER

Answer 11

- Usually secondary to skin trauma (bite/fight/selfinflected) - Staphs and streps usually, but can be a number or bacterial aetiologies Clinical signs - Superficial exudates and crusting - Ulcerative lesions - Folliculitis - Furunculosis - Anorexia and lethargy depending on severity of disease Treatment - Topicals (inc shampoos) for milder cases - Systemic antibiosis for more severe cases Beware of secondary dysbiosis in Guinea Pigs

Answer 12

- Usually the result of fight wounds, trauma, injection sites, surgical incisions, sometimes haematogenous or lymphatic spread - If around the face, consider dental disease in all species Clinical signs - soft swelling +/- discharging sinus - Can be pyrexia, anorexia and depression - Rabbit pus is very thick and caseous Diagnosis - Via FNA could also culture Treatment - Surgical excision as complete mass - Alternative, lancing, debridement, +/- drain placement and antibiotic impregnated gel or beads into abscess site - Cover with broad spectrum antibiotics initially - Analgesia

Answer 13

- All species are susceptible, though less common in indoor pets - Is usually a Microsporum or Trichophyton ○ Microsporum fluoresces under sustained UV light - Have zoonotic potential Clinical signs - Circular crusting lesions with central alopecia - +/- pruritis - Can be anywhere on the body Diagnosis - Woods lamp test (only useful if Microsporum) - Fungal culture Treatment - Localised spots can be treated with topicals (ie, Canesten creams) - Systemic antifungals – check texts for appropriate options

Answer 14

- Rabbits – none specifically more common - Ferrets – mast cell tumours common - Guinea pigs – trichofolliculoma ○ Benign basal cell epithelioma, surgical excision usually curative though not always needed as not likely to metastasise and rarely locally invasive - Rodents – Mammary neoplasia ○ Mice = malignant (usually) - not a good prognosis ○ Rats = benign ○ Both sexes can be affected ○ Vast distribution of mammary tissue means they can be almost anywhere on the body

Answer 15

``` - Cylap RCD intradermally - rabbit calicivirus Clinical signs - Hair loss - Ulceration - Abscess Treatment– supportive Prevention - Use new needle to give - Ensure is SQ - Massage! • OHS – do not inject yourself. If you do seek medical attention immediately. ```

Answer 16

- Mite driven -> secondary to Psoroptes cuniculi (ear bites) - Purulent discharge and wax found in the ears of many bunnies without overt clinical signs - differentaite wax and pus with cytology - Otitis media with a ruptured tympanic membrane can result in pus in the external canal Clinical signs - Pruritus, head shaking, ear scratching - visible pus on otoscopic examination - Vestibular signs if middle ear affected - Can be concurrent ear mite infestation

Answer 17

Diagnosis - Based on c/s and cytological evidence of infection - see the mites - Imaging to assess for concurrent middle ear disease Treatment - ANALGESIA! ○ Avoid corticosteroid based therapies - If electing topicals, need to clean out ear canal under GA first, as wax will impede activity of medications ○ If tympanic membrane is ruptured, avoid topicals and start empirical therapy with penicillin SQ - With concurrent middle ear disease, base ongoing therapy on C&S - Surgery possibly an option

Answer 18

- Severe condition of the hocks, predisposed by inappropriate cage substrates - Is a pressure sore (avascular necrosis) of the hock and associated structures. Clinical signs - Ulcerative lump on foot Diagnosis - via clinical signs and imaging (to see if the bone is involved)

Answer 19

- Correct the substrate (dry grass is ideal!) early in disease - prevention - Bandages which distribute weight away from the hock/ulcer site - Antibiotics (based on C&S ideally) and analgesia - Rarely surgery, but can be salvage procedures - Euthanasia

Answer 20

Fly strike (Myiasis) - Usually requires soiled or persistently wet skin to attract flies Clinical signs - Strike site typically between tail and dorsum - diagnosed based on clinical signs - Secondary ileus (reduced or absent gut sounds)

Answer 21

Treatment - Stabilisation for the critically unwell patient - Sedation or anaesthesia (with analgesia!) - Physical removal of maggots and debriding of affected tissue - Antibiotics and ongoing analgesia - Manage the secondary ileus - important - NEED TO GET THEM EATING AGAIN Management - Correct any underlying grooming issues or causes for soiling (dental disease, overweight, arthritis) - Maximise hutch hygiene and apply fly wire to hutch

Answer 22

- 100% mortality rate of clinically affected rabbits - Incubation of 8-21 days - Biting insect vector - Virus replicates at inoculation site -> disseminates via leucocytes to skin, spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal surfaces, testes, lungs, liver Clinical signs - Swollen eyelids, genitalia, ears, face - Pyrexia - Depression and anorexia - Deaths within 14 days from secondary septicaemia Diagnosis – based on clinical signs Treatment – euthanasia is the only humane option

Answer 23

(Rabbit syphilis) - Sexually transmitted spirochete that infects offspring during birthing process - Not really seen in Austalia - Can be carriers if not symptomatic Clinical signs - Lesions at mucocutaneous junctions (nose, lips, eyelids, genitalia) - Starts as erythema and oedema -> papules -> ulcerated nodules with exudative serum àcrusty scabbed lesions Diagnosis - skin biopsy and special silver staining - serological test available in the UK - not in Australia so cannot diagnose Treatment - Procaine penicillin G subcutaneously once weekly until signs resolved - DO NOT GIVE PPG ORALLY!

Answer 24

- 100% mortality rate typically within 21-35days after exposure - 100% preventable by vaccination – give 1/3 of a C3 vaccination for dogs - Direct contact, fomites and aerosols can transmit it

Answer 25

``` Clinical signs - Conjunctivitis and rhinitis initially - Pyrexia - Mandibular and inguinal rash - Hyperkeratotic lesions of the nose and foot pads with brown crusting - Neurological signs prior to death Diagnosis – can do serum antibody titres Treatment – euthanasia is only humane option ```

Answer 26

1) hyperoestrogenism (female) - persistent oestrus- need to be mated 2) adrenocortical disease (male) - early neutering, increased adrenal cortex, stimulation by FSH and LH, overproduction of androgens and oestrogens

Answer 27

Clinical signs - swollen vulva, weight loss and lethargy, bilaterally symmetric alopecia diagnosis - low PCV and pancytopenia Treatment - spey prior to oestrus, mate to vasectomised male

Answer 28

CS - Swollen vulva (F) Urethral obstruction (M) Weight loss and lethargy Bilaterally symmetric alopecia D - low PCV and pancytopenia, adrenal mass Treatment Surgical - not without potential complication - can lead to haemorrhage can be curative Medical - Deslorelin implant (GnRH agonist)

Answer 29

- Absolute requirement of 10mg/kg/day - Should source vitamin C from fresh fruits and vegetables - Deficiency predisposes to range of infectious disorders Clinical signs - Rough coat with scaley pinnae - Ecchymoses, petechiae and haematomas - Painful and swollen joints Diagnosis – not really necessary, just supplement Treatment – correct the diet and supply 50-100mg/kg/day during initial phase of dietary correction

Answer 30

- Abscessation of the cervical lymph nodes - Oral trauma/abrasion -> inoculation with Streptococcus zooepidemicus (or other bacterial aetiology) -> invasion of the cervical lymph nodes àabscess. Clinical signs - Ventral neck swelling with thick caseous exudate - Secondary signs suggestive of septicaemia Diagnosis - FNA reveals suppurative inflammation with cocci - C&S (include abscess capsule!) Treatment - Surgical removal of abscessed lymph node - Systemic antibiotics - Pain relief! Prognosis – usually good

Answer 31

``` Predispositions – - Wire flooring - Unsanitary conditions - Obesity - Vitamin C deficiency Clinical signs - Anorexia, lethargy with lameness and increased vocalisation - Erythema and alopecia of foot pads - Erosions and ulceration - Secondary abscessation, osteomyelitis and sepsis ```

Answer 32

Diagnosis - C/s, FNA of the area will reveal pyogranulomatous inflammation - Imaging recommended Treatment - Correct the predispositions - Dressings - Topical ointments (eg. Silver sulfadiazine) - Supplement vitamin C - Systemic antibiotics based on C&S results (Beware dysbiosis - death if wrong antibiotic) - Amputation - Euthanasia

Answer 33

- Common in entire females of 2-4yo Clinical signs - Lethargy and anorexia - Non-pruritic - +/- Bilaterally symmetric alopecia if functional cysts - Abdominal distension with palpable cystic structures in the dorsocranial abdomen Diagnosis - C/s and palpation of the classical cystic lesions in the abdomen - Ultrasonographic/radiographic evidence of ovarian cysts Treatment – OHE - ovariohysterectomy - Usually concurrent uterine changes - Hair will typically regrow once speyed

Answer 34

``` - Any asymmetries present? - important ○ Exophthalmus - Menace, PLR’s, following objects - Eyelid abnormalities - Punctum lacrimale in rabbits - need to look - STT - Topical anaesthetic application - Fluorescein ○ Uptake anywhere ○ Check nostrils - Mydriasis ○ Tropicamide for rabbits ○ Beware toxicities - dilute the dosage - Dental examination ```

Answer 35

- Primary - infectious origin - Secondary to trauma, poor hygiene and ventilation, systemic illness, dental disease, tear film abnormalities Clinical signs - Hyperaemic conjunctiva +/- oedema - Blepharospasm - Epiphora - +/- cloudy opacity to the cornea Diagnosis - Complete ocular examination (Fluorescein especially) - Assess nasolacrimal duct drainage Treatment - Topical ointments (avoid ones with c’steroids in rabbits and guinea pigs) ○ Be mindful of potential toxicities for smaller patients - Ulcer debridement, systemic anti-inflammatories +/- antibiotics - Monitor once-twice weekly

Answer 36

○ Primary pasteurellosis ○ Blocked passage of nasolacrimal (NL) duct is common cause ○ Maxillary root elongation and periapical infections of tissue/bone/secondary lacrimal gland Clinical signs - Tear spillage over medial canthus +/- localised dermatitis - Pain on palpation just ventral to medial canthus - Purulent material in the eye or expressed through punctum lacrimale - Swollen lacrimal sac

Answer 37

Diagnosis - STT > 11mm/min and other C/s - Dental assessment including imaging - Consider cytology and C&S of purulent material Treatment - Clip & clean facial dermatitis area (+/- under sedation/GA) then topical barrier cream around area of dermatitis +/- ophthalmic preparations - As per conjunctivitis with NL duct flush (see notes for description) - Consider systemic antibiotics - Definitely pain relief

Answer 38

- Can be asymptomatic carriers - Speculated to be vertically acquired in utero Clinical signs - More commonly head tilt and neuro signs, renal signs - If ocular, then unilateral disease usually with cataract formation - Can see spontaneous lens rupture - Iris abscess, hypopyon possible - Acute uveitis (hyperaemic iris) with progression to chronic indicated by synechia or glaucoma Diagnosis - challenging! -> as already exposed so antibodies doesn't help, if suspicious just treat Treatment - Fenbendazole for 30 days to kill parasite - Symptomatic treatment for inflammatory response - NSAIDS

Answer 39

1) Third eyelid deep gland prolapse ○ Similar to ”Cherry eye” in dogs ○ Looks more severe ○ Surgical reduction is possible ○ May need surgical excision, but avoid if possible as can cause secondary tear film disturbances 2) Retrobulbar disease/Exophthalmus ○ Similar process to other species (especially dental disease) ○ By the time of presentation, is late in disease process. ○ Usually requires enucleation ○ Always cover with antibiotics and pain relief ○ Treat underlying cause

Answer 40

1. Canine Distemper Virus – as per skin slide 2. Human Influenza - Conjunctivitis 3. Cataracts – inherited/congenital/acquired/incidental ○ Control secondary uveitis +/- phaecoemulsification 4. Retinal degeneration – think dogs 5. Exophthalmus (think lymphoma!)

Answer 41

○ Usually very progressed disease at presentation ○ Exposure keratitis occurs ○ Can get lymphoma in retrobulbar location prior to systemic signs ○ Full systemic testing required to rule out lymphoma ○ Can get retrobulbar abscesses/foreign bodies which would typically have more pain appreciable than with lymphoma ○ Enucleation often required

Answer 42

1. Foreign body conjunctivitis and ulceration ○ Remove the foreign body and treat as per standard corneal ulcer principles 2. Chlamydial conjunctivitis ○ PCR (Chlamydia caviae) ○ Tetracycline based ophthalmic preparation 3. Congenital deformities 4. Heterotropic bone formation ○ Vitamin C mediated ○ Deposition of calcium into the aqueous humour and calcification at the limbus ○ No treatment required usually

Answer 43

1. Chromodacryorrhoea - Red tears - Can be from nostrils and on front legs from grooming - Induced by porphyrin pigment in rodent tears that is produced during stressful times - No treatment specifically 2. Conjunctivitis secondary to Upper Respiratory Tract Disease - Classical signs as per other species + sneezing and red tears - Consider PCR for mycoplasma diagnosis - Treatment is symptomatic

Answer 44

Upper respiratory anatomy - Obligate nasal breathers - Narrow oropharynx - Glottis is small and difficult to visualise from the oral cavity Lower respiratory anatomy - Thorax in a rabbit is small compared to abdominal contents - Thymus persists throughout life - Thin pleural No septum dividing lungs -> once get disease here spreads easily

Answer 45

``` - Clinical signs ○ Sneezing +/- discharge ○ Staining around nares ○ Stertor/snore ○ Open mouth breathing - Differential diagnosis ○ Trauma ○ Foreign bodies ○ Dental diseases - secondary to maxillary tooth root overgrowth ○ Infections - bacterial most common - pasturellosis, mycoplasma, pseudomonas, Bordetella (generally no clinical disease) ○ Inflammatory diseases ○ Neoplasia ○ Other masses - around head and neck that place pressure and constrict upper airway ```

Answer 46

Diagnostic testing a. Imaging § radiographs - lots of superimposition so need multiple x-rays § CT - best § Endoscopy - can be useful b. Culture and sensitivity § Deep nasal swabs and nasolacrimal duct flushes collection § Looking for predominant overgrowth of one organism c. Biopsy d. Bloods - haematology and biochemistry -> tend not to get increase so not as helpful Treatment ○ Primary medical management - flush when can, antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity ○ Surgical debridement

Answer 47

Emergency stabilisation - place in dark, quite room to reduce stress with supplementary oxygen and minimise handling for 30mins

Answer 48

``` - Clinical signs ○ Difficulty breathing, open mouth breathing, increased respiratory rate, wheezes, crackles - Differential diagnosis ○ Secondary to URT ○ Trauma and foreign bodies ○ Primary respiratory disease § Infection § Inflammatory § Neoplasia - below Other intrathoracic disease ```

Answer 49

- Gram -ve bacterium - most common cause of respiratory disease in rabbits - Commensal - Transmission - nasal, oral fomites, vertical - Very rarely may be zoonotic - Course of disease varies with ○ Strain virulence ○ Host immune response ○ Additional stressors

Answer 50

- Lower respiratory disease the only primary neoplasia is pulmonary carcinoma ○ HOWEVER lymphosarcoma may affect lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes - Lungs are the most common site for metastases ○ Female entire rabbits usually secondary to uterine adenocarcinoma - Thymoma and malignant thymic lymphomas

Answer 51

- Anatomic considerations ○ Rabbit thorax small in consideration to the rest of its body ○ The mediastinum in normal rabbits contains fat ○ The left AV valve is tricuspid rather than bicuspid - History ○ Dyspnoea, tachypnoea (normal RR 30-60bpm) but can increase with stress), syncope and cyanosis ○ Non-specific signs Signs may be hidden until disease has reaches serious stage

Answer 52

``` - Clinical signs ○ Pallor, cyanosis, muffled heart sound, tachycardia (normal 150-300bpm), murmur, gallop rhythm, crackles and weak pulses ○ Coughing NOT COMMON ○ Rarely: R sided heart failure may result in exophthalmos - Diagnostic tests ○ Radiology ○ Electrocardiography ○ Echocardiography ```

Answer 53

1. Chronic AV valve disease - endocardiosis - Older rabbits - Mitral more common than tricuspid 2. Cardiomyopathies (rare) - Nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, toxins or stress - Dilative, hypertrophic or restrictive Treatment: frusemide, pimobendane, ace-inhibitors

Answer 54

- Detention angles inwards so harder to visualise the oral cavity - Long soft palate - Platational ossium (larynx is hidden away within - need scope) - Prone to respiratory infections - Nasal obligate breather - Thymus surrounds the trachea

Answer 55

- Predisposing factors ○ Vitamin C deficiency - keep teeth embedded within - if not then infection - predispose to respiratory disease ○ Husbandry issues - ventilation and toxic ammonia build up ○ Gradients, cold or hot weather, dusty environment - Clinical signs of bacterial pneumonia in guinea pigs ○ Anorexia, ocular and nasal discharge, abnormal respiratory sounds (wheezing, gurgling), lethargy and sneezing ○ May progress to tachypnoea and or dyspnoea

Answer 56

○ Infectious § Bordetella (rabbit harbour this bacteria so don't house together) § Adenovirus - sudden death § Fungal - less common ○ Inflammatory § Allergic suspected ○ Neoplastic § Primary respiratory adenocarcinoma § Metastatic mammary neoplasia - RARE § Lymphosarcoma and leukemia leading to dyspnoea as affect mediastinal lymph nodes ○ Diseases affecting other systems - heat stress, pain

Answer 57

○ Bronchogenic papillary adenoma is the most common | § Prevalence of 35%

Answer 58

- Obligatory nasal breathers due to close apposition of the epiglottis to the soft palate - Normal respiratory rate at rest is 33-36bpm - Large lung capacity - Chest wall is very compliant - Ferrets exhibit neurogenic inflammation when sensory nerve stimulation causes a release of tachykinins (viral diseases and airborne toxins eg nicotine) can cause this response Clinical signs of respiratory disease: - Photophobia, cattarhal nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, pyrexia, anorexia and malaise

Answer 59

1) influenza 2) pneumonia 3) distempter 4) dental disease can cause URT signs

Answer 60

○ Only domestic species naturally responsive to human influenza ○ Clinical course 7-14 days ○ May progress to pneumonia ○ Treatment: supportive care, antihistamines, cough suppressants and prophylactic antibiotics

Answer 61

○ Aspiration is suspected to be the most common cause ○ Other bacterial causes eg. B. bronchispetica, P. multocida, Mycoplasma spp. § B. bronchispectica vaccination possible § Separation of young ferrets from dogs is recommended ○ Treatment: antibiotics, supportive care, antihistmaines (eg diphenhydramine helps with nasal congestion if present)

Answer 62

○ Fatal in ferrets - VACCINATE FOR ○ Disease progression 12-42 days depending on the strain ○ Transmission through direct contact, fomites or aerosolization of feces, urine or nasal exudate ○ Early signs: anorexia, pyrexia, photophobia, chin dermatitis, nasal and ocular discharge ○ Later signs: bronchopneumonia, hyperkeratosis around nasal planum and footpads then CNS signs including tremors, convulsions and death

Answer 63

- COMMON - Heart more caudal - Normal HR = 180-250bpm - Clinical signs - exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, weakness, pallor with prolonged CRT - Diagnostics - radiograph and echocardiography

Answer 64

1) cardiomyopathy 2) valvular heart disease 3) heartworm disease 4) metabolic disease can manifest

Answer 65

○ most common in middle age to older ferrets ○ Dilated most common but also see hypertrophic § Characterised with increase diastolic dimension of left and right ventricles § Treatment same as rabbits

Answer 66

Valvular heart disease ○ Endocardiosis is the second most common form of heart disease in ferrets ○ Mitral valve appears most affected followed by tricuspid and aortic ○ Echocardiology is used to differentiate mitral valve endocardiosis from DCM § Increased or normal fractional shortening and contractility occur in endocardiosis and are reduced in DCM. Metabolic disease can manifest as cardiac disease: ○ Hypoglycaemia from insulinoma, liver disease or fasting can cause bradycardia ○ Functional phaeochromocytomas may cause increased heart rate, blood pressire and weakness

Answer 67

○ Low transient levels of microfilaria ○ ELISA based antigen tests (IDDEXX snap tests are effective 5-6 months after infection but may be negative due to low numbers of adult heartworm ○ Adult heartworm may be seen by ultrasound 5 months after infection in CVC or right side of heart ○ Preventative medication: selamectin, ivermectin, moxidectin ○ Clinical signs similar to dogs: coughing, dyspnea, tacchypnea, pleural effusion, ascites ○ Adulticide: § single dose of moxidectin (Proheart) at 0.1ml/ferret sc has been used safely and effectively § melarsomine can cause severe reactions (incl. death)

Answer 68

``` Comparative respiratory anatomy - Obligate nasal breathers Clinical signs: - Nasal discharge, ocular discharge, clicking/snuffling, dyspnea, cyanosis, open mouth breathing, head tilt (vestibular involvement), signs of general malaise Predisposing factors to respiratory disease - HUSBANDRY 1. High ammonia levels in enclosure due to ○ High stocking density ○ Poor ventilation ○ Inadequate hygiene 2. Air pollution ○ Dust ○ Fungal spores ○ Disinfectant vapours ○ Pollutants ```

Answer 69

1. Infectious: - Bacterial: ○ Mycoplasma pulmonis (major pathogen in rats) ○ Bordatella bronchiseptica ○ Chlamydophila - Viral: ○ Hantavirus ○ Sendaivirus (major pathogen in adult mice) - Fungal: pnuemocystosis 2. Non-infectious: ○ Allergic ○ Aspiration ○ Neoplasia Diagnostic testing (size can be a limiting factor here): 1. Microbiology – culture and sensitivity - prone to contamination - looking for overgrowths 2. Imaging – xray, CT

Answer 70

- Most common respiratory pathogen in rats - Transmission via direct contact, aerosolization and transplacentally - MOST RATS EXPOSED EXCEPT FOR SCIENTIFIC FREE - Usually sets up a persistent infection - Causes: ○ Acute: tracheobronchitis or pneumonia ○ Chronic: airway inflammation, bronchiectasis ○ Sometimes middle ear infection - Like asthma - potentiates neurogenic infection - get hypersensitivity - Like chronic bronchitis - ongoing pulmonary infeciton - Biofilm created allows bacterial colonisation

Answer 71

1. Supportive care (oxygen, fluids, nutritional, pain relief) 2. Antimicrobials ○ Doxycycline (anti-inflammatory action and penetrates the biofilm) ○ Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid ○ Enrofloxacin in combination with doxycycline ○ Azithromycin 3. Bronchodilators (can be given orally or nebulised) – oral dose theophylline concurrently with enrofloxacin then reduce the theophylline dose by 30% asmetabolism is inhibited by fluoroquinolones 4. Nebulisation (small particle size <3um) with ○ bronchodilators (aminophylline) ○ mucolytics (acetylcysteine) ○ mucokinetics (hypertonic saline 9% for 15 minutes twice daily) 5. Anti-inflammatories ○ Meloxicam 6. Environmental management - important - good ventilation and husbandry

Answer 72

- 3 chambered heart (incomplete interventricular septum) in lizards, snakes and chelonians ○ 4 chambered heart in crocodilians - Position of the heart within the coelom varies: ○ Snake ¼ - 1/3rd body length ○ Chelonians – cranial coelomic cavity ○ Lizards vary eg bearded dragons (cranial) vs monitor lizard (further caudal) - Heart rates in reptile lower and vary with: temperature, oxygen saturation in blood, respiratory ventilation, stress - Auscultation with doppler or stethoscope and wet towel - ESPECIALLY TURTLES

Answer 73

Clinical signs: enlarged heart, non-specific signs (weight loss, lethargy), cyanosis, or abnormal auscultation Diagnostic testing: 1. Haematology and biochemistry 2. Imaging: radiology, echocardiology, ECG Treatments: - Depends of the underlying aetiology but anecdotal reports exist of the use of diurectics (furosemide) and ACE-I (benazepril)

Answer 74

- Blocked nares can cause stridor - Glottis closed at rest - easy to intubate - Breath holding can be prolonged - don't want to mask down a reptile - Inability to cough making some species prone to lower respiratory tract disease - No diaphragm – air is inspired by negative pressure breathing - Respiration varies with ○ temperature (not carbon dioxide) ○ physiological or behavioural reasons which may result in increased respiration (stress)

Answer 75

○ Single chambered in snakes and some lizards ○ Multichambered in monitor lizards, chelonians and crocodilians ○ Chelonia: lungs sit dorsally just below carapace ○ Snakes: § One functional lung (right) in most snakes with left lung vestigial or absent § Pythons and boas being more primitive snakes have 2 lungs

Answer 76

- COMMON IN REPTILES - Predisposed via HUSBANDRY - Clinical signs of respiratory disease ○ Nasal discharge (with URT disease), increased respiratory noise/effort, glottal swelling, open mouth breathing, constant gaping, signs of general malaise.

Answer 77

- Bacterial: eg Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, E. coli - Viral ○ Paramyxoviruses - the first 2 listed below also show neurological signs ○ Ferlavirus (previously known as OPMV) ○ Sunshinevirus ○ Reovirus - Parasitic (note: Ivermectin is toxic to chelonians) ○ Flukes ○ Protozoa

Answer 78

- Detected in most states of Victoria - Transmission suspected via: ○ Horizontal: cloacal (fecal and cloacal secretions) and oral (aerosol) routes ○ Vertical: not confirmed (viral positive embryos have been tested but no virus has been detected from hatchlings – possibly self-limiting in that affected embryos may not hatch) - Neurorespiratory disease

Answer 79

``` 1. Neurological ○ Head tremors ○ Opisthotonus (star gazing) ○ Incoordination of front and back body ○ Diminished righting reflexes ○ Erratic gaping mouth 2. Respiratory ○ Mild discharge of clear viscous fluid from mouth ○ Dyspneoa 3. Non-specific ○ Lethargy ○ Anorexia ○ Stomatitis ○ Regurgitation ○ Weakness ○ Dermatitis - Some snakes may carry and not have clinical signs CONFIRM - via viral PCR ```

Answer 80

1. History 2. Physical exam 3. Haematology/ biochemistry - systemic inflammation 4. Microbiology (culture and sensitivity of tracheal swabs or BAL samples) 5. Imaging (radiology, CT, endoscopy) 6. Viral PCR (oral and cloacal swabs in viral transport media - available through Tim Hyndman at Murdoch University)

Answer 81

1. Husbandry assessment and improvement 2. Supportive care ○ Oxygen ○ Fluids ○ Pain relief 3. Antimicrobials if indicated: administered to animals at their preferred body temperature (minimum 4 week treatment) eg. ○ Enrofloxacin ○ Ceftazidimine ○ Metronidazole

Exotics 1 Flashcards

(105 cards)