CH 1 Lecture

Question 1

OLD definition of microbiology

study of ____ that are too___ to be seen by the ___ ____ <1mm

Answer 1

organisms
small
naked
eye

Question 2

NEW definition of microbiology

study of organisms that… (3)

Answer 2

1. can exist as singular cells or acellular
2. contain nucleic acid genome at least once
3. can replicate genome

Question 3

Example of microorganism found in the GUYS of a sturgeon fish and its SIZE

Answer 3

Epulopiscium (200-700 micrometers)

Question 4

Microorganism as big as a fly’s head

and its larger variant + size

Answer 4

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Thiomargarita magnifica (9000 micro or 1 cm)

Question 5

How small can the following microscopes see:

1. Light
2. Electron

Answer 5

1. Light (100 nanometer to 1 mm)
2. Electron (0.1 nanometer to 50 micro)

Question 6

2 THEMES of microbiology (B & A)

Answer 6

1. Basic Biological Sciences (understanding)
2. Applied Biological Science (application)

Question 7

5 Areas of BASIC MICROBIOLOGY

Answer 7

1. Virology
2. Mycology (fungi)
3. Phycology (algae)
4. Protozoology
5. Bacteriology

Question 8

7 Areas in APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Answer 8

1. Medical Microbiology
2. Imuunology
3. Public Health
4. Industrial
5. Good and Dairy
6. Agricultural
7. Microbial

Question 9

What do our ANCESTORS just knew about microbiology? (1)

What does this microorganism do? (2)

Answer 9

Existence of Yeast in Fermented Food and Beverages

• metabolize carbohydrates
• produce carbon dioxide

Question 10

4 CONTRIBUTORS to microscopy and their inventions

Answer 10

1. Zacharias Janssen (1st compound microscope (3-10x))
2. Athanasius Kirchr (suggested to be the first to observe microorganisms)
3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Animalcules
4. Robert Hooke (micrographia, simple compound (30x)—- cork cells and elongated stalks

Question 11

What are the 2 sides of the conflict?

Answer 11

1. Spontaneous Generation
2. Biogenesis

Question 12

1st supporter of Biogenesis?

Answer 12

FRANCISCO REDI
- 2 jars, meat in both

1 jar sealed = no maggots
1 jar covered with gauze = w/ maggots from flies

Question 13

1st supporter of spontaneous generation

Answer 13

JOHN NEEDHAM
- 1 erlenmeyer flask with broth

1. Flask with broth is boiled (no cover)
2. Covered with cork
3. Growth of microbes

EXPLANATION
1. Air microbes contributes to #1
2. Insufficient heat in #1
3. Cork not sterilized in #2

Question 14

Contradiction to Needham

Answer 14

LAZARRO SPALLANZANI
- 2 erlenmeyer flasks with broth

  1st flask 1. Boiled with no cover 2. Left aside  3. Growth of microber

 2nd flask 1. Boiled with cover 2. Left aside still with cork cover 3. No growth

COUNTER:
Air was required for vital force

Question 15

Contradiction of 2 scientists to:

SG supporters: Air is required for vital force

Answer 15

Passed AIR through:

Franz Schultze (acids) & Theodor Schwann (red-hot tubes)

No growth

COUNTER:
acids and hot tubes altered air

Question 16

3 SCIENTISTS who made great evidence against spontaneous generation

Answer 16

Georg Schroder & Theodor von Dusch (filtered air through cotton wool)

Louis Pasteur (swan-neck flasks)

Question 17

Who made the final blow against SPON GEN supporters? (3)

1. against air as vital force
2. against John Needham experiment
3. developed what process?

Answer 17

JOHN TYNDALL

• dust carries microbe
• existence of HEAT-RESISTANT bacteria
• TYNDALLIZATION - sterilizing substances

Question 18

What specific agent CAUSE DISEASES?

Answer 18

Germs

Question 19

Germ Theory of Diseases

Answer 19

1. Girolamo Fracastoro
   - INVISIBLE living creatures cause diseases
2. Agostino Bassi
   - disease of silk worms was caused by FUNGI
3. Miles Berkeley
   - Phytophthora infestans (Great Potato Blight) fungus

Question 20

Founding Father of PLANT PATHOLOGY

Answer 20

Heinrich Anton de Bary
- SMUT and RUST fungi caused CEREAL CROP DISEASE

Question 21

Who is the SAVIOR OF MOTHERS

Answer 21

Ignaz Semmelweis

• ASEPSIS
• required physicians to wash their hands with CHLORINATED LIME SOLUTIONS between patients
• 18 - 2.4% mortality rate drop

Question 22

who is the Father of ANTISEPTIC SURGERY

Answer 22

Joseph Lister

• provided indirect evidence of microorganisms as CAUSE OF DISEASES

Question 23

What did JOSEPH LISTER use in surgical dressings and instruments?

Answer 23

dressing - PHENOL/CARBOLIC ACID
instrument - HEAT

Question 24

Louis Paster contribution to GERM THEORY

Answer 24

• Nosema bombycis (protozoan that caused PEBRINE DISEASE in silk worms)

Question 25

4 STEPS in koch’s postulates (criteria that establishes causal between microbe and disease)

Answer 25

ROBERT KOCH - establish relationship between BACILLUS ANTHRACIS and anthrax - postulates based from his TEACHER, Jakob Henle 1. suspected CAUSATIVE AGENT must be only present in diseased org 2. agent mus be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. agent must cause the same disease to a healthy org 4. same causative agent must be isolated

Question 26

4 TECHNIQUES developed from KOCH’s POSTULATES

Answer 26

1. Solid culture media 2. Aseptic culture 3. Pure culture maintenance 4. Petri Plate

Question 27

4 LIMITATIONS of Koch’s Postulates

Answer 27

1. Causative agents (human diseases) do not work on experimental animals 2. Some are OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES (cannot be cultured in vitro) 3. Some have VARIABLE SIGNS and SYMTOMS 4. Some diseases may be caused by various microbes and Some microbes may cause various diseases