CH 12

Question 1

4 primary groups under protists

Answer 1

1. SAR
2. Excavata
3. Amoebozoa
4. Opisthokonta

Question 2

3 ancestral groups of protists that form a large phylogenetic cluster known as SAR

Answer 2

Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria

Question 3

SAR was a result of?

Answer 3

Secondary endosymbiosis (eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell)

Question 4

Type of protists under EXCAVATA

Answer 4

anaerobic heterotrophic protists w/ phototrophy from secondary endosymbiosis

Question 5

Types of protists under AMOEBOZOA (2)

Answer 5

amoebae and slime molds

Question 6

4 general characteristics of protists

Answer 6

1. eukaryotic
2. heterotrophic
3. unicellular - colonial - multicellular
4. motile

Question 7

Are all protists heterotrophic and motile?

Answer 7

No, but most of them are

Question 8

How do protists obtain food?

Answer 8

Through endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

Question 9

Phagocytosis vs Pinocytosis

Answer 9

Phagocytosis - “eating” VISIBLE particles

Pinocytosis - “drinking” DISSOLVED particles

Question 10

Are protists free-living or symbiotic?

Answer 10

both

Question 11

2 bullets under free-living

2 bullets under symbiotic

Answer 11

Free-living
* Aquatic (marine, freshwater)
* terrestrial

Symbiotic
* parasitic
* mutualistic

Question 12

3 forms of protists

Answer 12

1. Trophozoite
2. Cyst
3. Flagellate

Question 13

TYPES OF FORMS OF PROTISTS

vegetative form

Answer 13

trophozoite

Question 14

TYPES OF FORMS OF PROTISTS

metabolically active invasive stage

Answer 14

trophozoite

Question 15

TYPES OF FORMS OF PROTISTS

dormant yet infectious stage

Answer 15

cyst

Question 16

3 FUNCTIONS of cyst

Answer 16

1. protection against adverse conditions
2. site for nuclear reorganization and cell division
3. means of transfer between hosts

Question 17

specific type of protist that can exhibit ALL 3 FORMS

Answer 17

Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba)

Question 18

3 main parts/organelles that make up protist cells

Answer 18

1. Pellicle - proteins inside cell membrane for cell rigidity
2. Stigma - phototaxis
3. Chloroplast - photosynthesis

Question 19

ECTOPLASM vs ENDOPLASM

Answer 19

ECTOPLASM : semisolid and gelatinous cytoplasm for rigidity

ENDOPLASM - area inside ectoplasm that contains most of the the organelles

Question 20

2 types of nuclei found in protists

Answer 20

macronucleus and micronucleus

Question 21

TYPES OF NUCLEI

regulates somatic functions

Answer 21

macronucleus

Question 22

TYPES OF NUCLEI

functions in sexual reproduction

regeneration of macronucleus

Answer 22

micronucleus

Question 23

How does the macronucleus regulate somatic functions

Answer 23

by directing protein synthesis

Question 24

4 types of somatic functions regulated by the macronucleus

Answer 24

1. locomotion
2. osmoregulation
3. cell regeneration
4. feeding

Question 25

2 types of vacuoles found in protists

Answer 25

food vacuole - sites of food digestion - fuses with lysosomes contractile vacuole - for excretion, osmo-regulation and water balance

Question 26

3 locomotory organelles

Answer 26

pseudopodia (false feet) - blunt lobe-like extensions of the cytoplasm flagella - thin, long whip-like projections arising from the surface of the cell cilia - similar to but shorter and more numerous than flagella

Question 27

2 types of SHELL composition of different protists

Answer 27

1. calcium carbonate (foraminiferans) 2. silica (radiolarians & diatoms)

Question 28

2 types of nutrition

Answer 28

1. Holozoic (phagocytosis) 2. Saprozoic (pinocytosis; diffusion; carrier mediated transport)

Question 29

What type of sexual reproduction do protists undergo?

Answer 29

Conjugation - exchange of genetic material

Question 30

3 types of asexual reproduction that protists undergo

Answer 30

1. fission 2. budding 2. schizogony

Question 31

3 types of binary fission that protists undergo

Answer 31

1. Irregular simple binary fission 2. Transverse binary fission 3. Longitudinal binary fission

Question 32

STEPS in SIMPLE BINARY FISSION (5)

Answer 32

1. No plane of division observed 2. Contractile vacuole disappears 3. Nucleoli disintegrates 4. Nucleolus divides mitotically 5. Constricts and divides to form 2 daughter cells

Question 33

STEPS in TRANSVERSE BINARY FISSION (5)

Answer 33

1. Plane of division occurs along the TRANSVERSE AXIS 2. Macronucleus divides by amitosis & Micronucleus divides by mitosis 3. Oral groove disappearing with 2 new forming at either ends 4. 2 Contractile vacuoles form 5. 2 daughter cells form

Question 34

STEPS in LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION

Answer 34

1. Division occurs at longitudinal axis 2. Nucleus and cytoplasm also divides longitudinally 3. Flagellum is usually retained by one daughter cell

Question 35

1 example of PROTISTS per EACH TYPE of binary fission

Answer 35

IRREGULAR SIMPLE BINARY FISSION - Amoeba TRANSVERSE BINARY FISSION - Paramecium LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION - Euglena

Question 36

TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION cell divides unevenly

Answer 36

budding

Question 37

TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION nucleus divides multiple times before the rest of the cell divides

Answer 37

schizogony (multiple fission)

Question 38

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS causes giardiasis (waterborne diarrheal diseases)

Answer 38

Diplomonads - Giardia intestinalis

Question 39

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS causes leismaniasis

Answer 39

Kinetoplastids - Leismania

Question 40

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS causes balantidiasis

Answer 40

Ciliates - Balantidium coli

Question 41

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS causes paralytic shellfish poisoning and red tide

Answer 41

Dinoflagellates - Gonyaulax

Question 42

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS causes malaria

Answer 42

Apicomplexans - Plasmodium

Question 43

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS causes toxoplasmosis

Answer 43

Apicomplexans - Toxoplasma

Question 44

4 characteristics of oomycetes (classification of protist)

Answer 44

- water molds - cellulosic cell wall - flagellated cells - plant pathogens