Ch 10 - 01 - Flouroscopy

Question 1

1- ________ uses a continuous beam of X-rays to create images of the movement of internal structures that can be viewed on a monitor.

a. Radiography
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Digital radiography
d. All of the above

Answer 1

ANS: B - Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy uses a continuous beam of X-rays to create images of the movement of internal structures that can be viewed on a monitor.

Question 2

2- __________ imaging is accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

a. Static
b. Still
c. Dynamic
d. Colorized

Answer 2

ANS: C - Dynamic

Fluoroscopy allows imaging of anatomy in motion, or dynamic imaging.

Question 3

3- Releasing the pressure applied to the ___________ will terminate the radiation exposure during fluoroscopy.

a. photocahtode
b. input phosphor
c. deadman switch
d. radiographic mode

Answer 3

ANS: C - deadman switch

Releasing the pressure applied to the deadman switch will terminate the radiation exposure during fluoroscopy.

Question 4

4- The process that the exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with the input phosphor for conversion to visible light, which are converted to electrons by a photocathode, then focused by electrostatic focusing lenses, and accelerated toward an anode to strike the output phosphor is:

a. fluoroscopy
b. image intensification
c. deadman switch
d. radiographic mode

Answer 4

ANS: B - image intensification

Image intensification is the process that the exits radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with the input phosphor for conversion to visible light, which are converted to electrons by a photocathode, then focused by electrostatic focusing lenses, and accelerated toward an anode to strike the output phosphor.

Question 5

5- Which of the following most accurately shows the energy sequence during image-intensified fluoroscopy?

a. Light to X-rays to electrons to light
b. X-rays to light to electrons to light
c. X-rays to electrons to light
d. Electrons to light to electrons

Answer 5

ANS: B - X-rays to light to electrons to light

X-rays exiting the patient interact with the image intensifier to produce light photons which are then converted to electrons and finally back to light energy.

Question 6

6- The __________ is coated with light-emitting crystals to absorb electrons and emit light.

a. input phosphor
b. output phosphor
c. photocathode
d. accelerating anode

Answer 6

ANS: B - output phosphor

The output phosphor is coated with light-emitting crystals to absorb electrons and emit

Question 7

7- The __________ consists of a light-emitting material (like cesium iodide) to absorb X-rays and emits light.

a. input phosphor
b. output phosphor
c. photocathode
d. accelerating anode

Answer 7

ANS: A - input phosphor

The input phosphor absorbs X-rays and emits light.

Question 8

8- This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and converts light to electrons.

a. Input phosphor
b. Output phosphor
c. Photocathode
d. Electrostatic focusing lenses

Answer 8

ANS: C - Photocathode

The photocathode absorbs light and converts light to electrons.

Question 9

9- The input phosphor is ________________ than the output phosphor.

a. larger
b. smaller
c. the same size as
d. brighter

Answer 9

ANS: A - larger

The input phosphor is considerably larger than the output phosphor.

Question 10

10- The gain related to the decrease in size from the input to the output phosphor that increases the light intensities is the:

a. brightness gain
b. flux
c. minification gain
d. conversion factor

Answer 10

ANS: C - minification gain

The image at the output phosphor is brighter in part because it is significantly smaller than the same image at the input phosphor.

Question 11

11- This is measured in cd/m²/mR/s.

a. Brightness gain
b. Flux
c. Minification gain
d. Conversion factor

Answer 11

ANS: D - Conversion factor

The conversion factor, another descriptor of the overall ability of an image intensifier to create a brighter image, is measured in cd/m²/mR/s.

Question 12

12- The formula for brightness gain is:

a. brightness gain = minification gain − flux gain
b. brightness gain = minification gain/flux gain
c. brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain
d. brightness gain = minification gain + flux gain

Answer 12

ANS: C - brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain

Brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain.

Question 13

13- The conversion factor is a(n) ______________ term for brightness gain and is typically about 1% of the brightness gain value.

a. older; 1%
b. older; 10%
c. newer; 1%
d. newer; 10%

Answer 13

ANS: C - newer; 1%

The conversion factor is a newer term for brightness gain and is typically about 1% of the brightness gain value.

Question 14

14- In reference to image intensification, the function that adjusts and maintains the overall image brightness and contrast during the fluoroscopic procedure is:

a. DQE
b. APR
c. ABC
d. AEC

Answer 14

ANS: C - ABC

ABC, or automatic brightness control, maintains the brightness and contrast of the fluoroscopic image during the procedure.

Question 15

15- When operated in magnification mode, the electrostatic lenses have __________ voltage.

a. decreased
b. increased
c. the same amount as usual
d. one half

Answer 15

ANS: B - increased

Magnification of the fluoroscopic image occurs when the electrostatic lenses have more voltage applied, creating a more negative charge.

Question 16

16- The formula to determine the amount of magnification created when in magnification mode is:

a. MF = full size input phosphor / selected input phosphor
b. MF = full size input phosphor * selected input phosphor²
c. MF = selected input phosphor / full size input phosphor
d. MF = selected input phosphor² / full size input phosphor²

Answer 16

ANS: A - MF = full size input phosphor / selected input phosphor

The magnification factor during fluoroscopy is equal to the full size input phosphor divided by the selected input phosphor.

Question 17

17- If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23 cm mode, the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of:

a. 1.3
b. 1.5
c. 1.7
d. 2

Answer 17

ANS: A - 1.3

Based on the formula, the MF = the full size of the input phosphor (30 cm) / the selected input phosphor size (23 cm).

Question 18

18- Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved:

a. brightness
b. spatial resolution
c. contrast
d. exposure

Answer 18

ANS: B - spatial resolution

Using the magnification mode improves spatial resolution of the fluoroscopic image.

Question 19

19- A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is:

a. the image has less resolution.
b. the image brightness is inconsistent.
c. the patient receives additional radiation dose.
d. none of the above.

Answer 19

ANS: C - the patient receives additional radiation dose.

Additional X-ray photons must leave the patient and be absorbed by the image intensifier when magnification mode is used, resulting in increased patient dose.

Question 20

20- Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of:

a. 2 to 3 Lp/mm
b. 4 to 6 Lp/mm
c. 7 to 9 Lp/mm
d. 10 to 12 Lp/mm

Answer 20

ANS: B - 4 to 6 Lp/mm

Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of 4 to 6 Lp/mm.

Question 21

21- In fluoroscopy, shape distortion is caused by:

a. angling the tube
b. angling the image intensifier
c. the curved shape of the photocathode
d. the position of the electrostatic focusing lenses

Answer 21

ANS: C - the curved shape of the photocathode

Shape distortion during fluoroscopy is the result of the curved shape of the input phosphor and photocathode.

Question 22

22- Distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is:

a. noise
b. pincushion appearance
c. vignetting
d. magnification

Answer 22

ANS: B - pincushion appearance

Pincushion appearance is the distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification.

Question 23

23- A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image due to the curve of the photocathode is:

a. noise
b. pincushion appearance
c. vignetting
d. magnification

Answer 23

ANS: C - vignetting

Vignetting is the loss of brightness around the periphery of the fluoroscopic image.

Question 24

24- Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has:

a. noise
b. pincushion appearance
c. vignetting
d. magnification

Answer 24

ANS: A - noise

When a fluoroscopic image has noise, or is noisy, the quantity of radiation (mA) must be increased because the issue is too few photons being used to create the image.

Question 25

25- The conventional or current method for viewing the fluoroscopic image is by: a. using a hand-held device b. looking directly at the output phosphor c. using a TV monitor d. using a mirror-optics system

Answer 25

ANS: C - using a TV monitor The fluoroscopic image is viewed by looking at a television monitor.

Question 26

26- Vidicon refers to a type of: a. television monitor b. camera tube c. CCD d. fiber optics

Answer 26

ANS: B - camera tube A vidicon camera tube is used for viewing the fluoroscopic image.

Question 27

27- When the electron beam in the camera travels back and forth across, from the top to bottom, it is moving in a __________ pattern. a. sweep b. brush c. raster d. rooster

Answer 27

ANS: C - raster A raster pattern involves a path from left to right, from the top to the bottom.

Question 28

28- Semiconductor capacitors are components of the: a. camera tube b. CCD c. image intensifier d. x-ray tube

Answer 28

ANS: B - CCD The charge-coupled device (CCD) includes semiconductor capacitors.

Question 29

29- Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n): a. line b. image c. pixel d. electric charge

Answer 29

ANS: C - pixel Each capacitor in a CCD briefly stores an electrical charge that represents a pixel in the digital image.

Question 30

30- The CCD’s electrical charge from the capacitors is sent to the: a. output phosphor b. TV monitor c. x-ray tube d. image intensifier

Answer 30

ANS: B - TV monitor After being briefly stored in the capacitor, the charge travels by wire to the television monitor.

Question 31

31- The fiber-optic bundle or optical lens system is used to: a. deliver the image from the camera to the television monitor b. record the fluoroscopic image c. link the output phosphor and camera or CCD d. none of the above

Answer 31

ANS: C - link the output phosphor and camera or CCD The fiber optic bundle or optical lens system is used to link or couple the camera or CCD to the output phosphor of the image intensifier.

Question 32

32- The purpose of a beam splitting mirror is to: a. be able to view the fluoroscopic image on more than one television b. reduce the intensity of the image from the output phosphor c. allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy d. none of the above

Answer 32

ANS: C - allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy The beam splitting mirror is used during fluoroscopy when a spot image is to be recorded on a photospot or cine camera.

Question 33

33- Typical CRT type television monitors have: a. 300 lines b. 450 lines c. 525 lines d. 875 lines

Answer 33

ANS: C - 525 lines Typical television monitors have 525 lines.

Question 34

34- A typical high-resolution monitor will have: a. 825 lines b. 1024 lines c. 1872 lines d. 2034 lines

Answer 34

ANS: B - 1024 lines A typical high-resolution monitor will have 1024 lines.

Question 35

35- The TFTs control the current to each pixel and switch it on or off by causing the liquid crystals to twist or untwist in which type of monitor? a. CRT monitor b. LCD monitor c. Plasma monitor d. Smartphone monitor

Answer 35

ANS: B - LCD monitor TFTs control the current to each pixel and switch on and off causing liquid crystals to twist or untwist in the LCD monitor.

Question 36

Flat-panel detectors for digital fluoroscopic imaging can be the: A. amorphous silicon indirect capture type and photostimulable phosphor plate type B. amorphous silicon indirect capture type and amorphous selenium direct capture type C. photostimulable phosphor plate type and amorphous selenium direct capture type D. all options are correct

Answer 36

B. amorphous silicon indirect capture type and amorphous selenium direct capture type

Question 37

Which of the following provides a lower dose rate and greater equipment flexibility and best utilized for extremities? A. Mini C-arm B. O-arm C. Tomosynthesis D. C-arm

Answer 37

A. Mini C-arm

Question 38

Because the DELs of a flat-panel detector are arranged in a grid pattern (uniform columns and rows), they do not exhibit: A. quantum noise and pincushion artifacts B. quantum noise and S distortion artifacts C. pincushion artifacts and S distortion artifacts D. all options are correct

Answer 38

D. all options are correct

Question 39

Adjusting the collimator without exposing the patient to additional radiation is known as: A. electronic collimation B. last image hold C. virtual collimation D. field of view

Answer 39

C. virtual collimation