Chapter 1

Question 1

Science:

Answer 1

• Discovery of knowledge
• A process of careful and systematic inquiry
• The formation of a theory that is based on the facts

Question 2

Research

Answer 2

• a specific method used to discover the knowledge
• a structured way of solving problems
• refers to the discovery of facts

Question 3

How do quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research designs differ?

Answer 3

• Underlying assumptions
• Types of questions asked
• Specific methods used
• Type of data that results
• Subsequent analysis of the data

Question 4

Quantitative research keywords:

Answer 4

• generation of numerical data
• precision = validity
• objective
• large sample sizes
• measurement of variables
• stats

Question 5

Quantitative research is best suited to questions related to:

Answer 5

• the testing of theory
• status on variables
• differences among groups
• relationships among variables

Question 6

What are some commonly measured variables in quantitative research?

Answer 6

• PA
• BP
• muscular strength
• endurance
• flexibility

Question 7

When would a quantitative study not require large sample sizes?

Answer 7

• experimental studies
• requires a great deal of time and resources
• tests the effectiveness of treatments, programs, or interventions

Question 8

Qualitative research:

Answer 8

based on the generation and interpretation of non-numerical data

Question 9

3 main sources of data in qualitative research:

Answer 9

• open-ended interviews
• direct observation
• written documents
• increased use of arts-based research methods for data collection

Question 10

Qualitative research is well suited to ….

Answer 10

understanding peoples’ meanings of experience

Question 11

The design of qualitative research studies are ____ and _____.

Answer 11

emergent and flexible

Question 12

The data of qualitative research studies are collected…

Answer 12

in the participants’ natural setting

Question 13

In qualitative studies, _____ are generated from the data collected.

Answer 13

themes

Question 14

Why is the sample size much smaller in qualitative studies?

Answer 14

focus on understanding the complexity of peoples’ experience

Question 15

The results of a qualitative study can be:

Answer 15

• written in journal articles
• poems
• theatre
• musical performance

Question 16

Mixed methods research combines….

Answer 16

quantitative and qualitative research methods

Question 17

Name some of the forms that mixed methods research can take.

Answer 17

• Research designs that prioritize either one or both of quantitative and qualitative methods
• Research designs in which quantitative and qualitative methods are conducted either simultaneously or following the other
• Programs of research in which both quantitative and qualitative studies are conducted over a longer period of time

Question 18

Mixed methods can be used to answer a ______ research question.

Answer 18

broader

Question 19

Mixed methods is used by researchers who see value in…

Answer 19

using both quantitative and qualitative data to answer their research questions

Question 20

Give some examples of sources.

Answer 20

• measurement of physiological variables
• one-on-one interviews
• arts-based methods

Question 21

Research ____ and _____ employed in a study are linked.

Answer 21

• approach

- methods

Question 22

Philosophical worldview:

Answer 22

a set of beliefs related to her or his general orientation of the world and the nature of research

Question 23

Philosophical worldview dictates…

Answer 23

what a researcher believes (or doesn’t believe) counts as knowledge

Question 24

2 concepts that align closely with a philosophical worldview are ______ and ______.

Answer 24

• ontology

- epistemology

Question 25

Ontology:

Answer 25

- belief in the nature of truth and reality - general orientation to the world - whether things exist or not exist - what things are

Question 26

Give an example of ontology.

Answer 26

if we accept that there is an objective physical reality separate from our own personal existence

Question 27

Epistemology:

Answer 27

- belief about how we acquire knowledge about that truth and reality (and whether we should go about acquiring that knowledge) - nature of research - the way we know things

Question 28

Give an example of epistemology.

Answer 28

valuing personal experience in the quest for knowledge

Question 29

Various types of research depends largely on their _____, rather than simply not understanding a particular method.

Answer 29

epistemology

Question 30

5 worldviews:

Answer 30

- postpositivism - constructivism - pragmatism - transformative - two-eyed seeing

Question 31

Postpositivism:

Answer 31

- common in kinesiology | - single reality/objective truth to be discovered through research

Question 32

Postpositivism has assumptions of:

Answer 32

- determinsim (cause determine effects) - reductionism (ideas can be reduced to small testable research questions - reliance on theory to uncover objective reality

Question 33

Constructivism:

Answer 33

- multiple realities - meaning is varied and complex - subjective - socially constructed - seek complexity of views - qualitative - open-ended - interactions

Question 34

How do constructivists say that realities are socially constructed?

Answer 34

individuals engage with their world and make sense of it based on their own personal, social, cultural, and historical perspectives

Question 35

Give and example of constructivism.

Answer 35

- no distinct set of motions that are similarly experienced by all people - instead view the experience of emotions as unique to each individual - what you experience as competitive anxiety might be different from what someone else experiences

Question 36

Pragmatism:

Answer 36

- concerned with solutions to problems - no commitment to any single notion of reality - truth, knowledge, application - nature of reality is important, but willing to set those aside in their research - incorporate all types of approaches that are appropriate and necessary for their research

Question 37

Transformative:

Answer 37

- connected with politics - action agenda to advocate for marginalized peoples - reform and change - better the lives of the participants involved in the research - collaborative - mostly qualitative with some quantitative to support

Question 38

Transformative can be looking at inequality based on:

Answer 38

- gender - race - ethnicity - disability - sexual orientation - SES

Question 39

Two-eyed seeing:

Answer 39

- many ways of understanding the world (some indigenous, some European) - bringing together of knowledge - no judgement - all knowledge systems are equitable - sharing - respect, reflection, co-learning - addresses the needs of the individuals/community - diversity

Question 40

Who introduced two-eyed seeing?

Answer 40

Mi'Kmaw Elders Albert and Murdena Marshall

Question 41

Describe the analogy of two-eyed seeing.

Answer 41

- one eye seeing strengths of indigenous ways | - other eye seeing strengths of western ways