Chapter 9

Question 1

5 qualitative evaluation approaches:

Answer 1

• trustworthiness
• methodological coherence
• consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research
• relativistic approach to characterizing traints
• ethics

Question 2

Trustworthiness:

Answer 2

convincing an audience that study findings are worth paying attention to

Question 3

Methodological coherence:

Answer 3

having all components of a research design align with one another

Question 4

Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research:

Answer 4

using a checklist to consider what is good research

Question 5

Relativistic approach to characterizing traits:

Answer 5

identifying study characteristics that suggest high-quality research, depending on the context

Question 6

Ethics:

Answer 6

being an ethically minded researcher

Question 7

Trustworthiness is used synonymously with _____ and _____.

Answer 7

• rigour

- validation

Question 8

An ______ _____ can help researchers plan a coherent study.

Answer 8

armchair walkthrough

Question 9

Checklists include criteria about:

Answer 9

• research team
• study design
• analysis
• findings

Question 10

Study quality is _____-dependent (ie. specific to the _____, _____, and ______).

Answer 10

• context-dependent
• time
• occasion
• purpose

Question 11

All research designs should have ______ as a foundation.

Answer 11

ethics

Question 12

4 aspects of trustworthiness:

Answer 12

• truth value
• applicability
• consistency
• neutrality

Question 13

Truth value:

Answer 13

• credibility
• how true are the findings for the study participants?
• the extent to which the results and interpretations are reflective of the participants’ meanings and experiences

Question 14

Researchers conducting qualitative research should work to establish ______ in the _____ of findings for their participants.

Answer 14

confidence in the truth

Question 15

Applicability aka…

Answer 15

transferability

Question 16

Applicability:

Answer 16

extent to which the findings of a particular study may be applied to other contexts or with other participants

Question 17

Applicability is different from ____ ____.

Answer 17

external validity

Question 18

In qualitative studies, researchers should not attempt to ______ study findings to all contexts. Rather, the focus is on forming ______ that may be relevant from one context to the next depending on _____ between the contexts.

Answer 18

• generalize
• understandings
• similarity

Question 19

Consistency:

Answer 19

• dependability of a study
• ## would similar findings emerge if a study were replicated in similar circumstances?

Question 20

One of the defining features of the constructivist philosophical worldview is that….

Answer 20

multiple realities exist

Question 21

The assumption of multiple realities implies that participants _____, ______, and _____ are varied, and even any one participant’s meaning can evolve.

Answer 21

• insights
• meanings
• perspectives

Question 22

Researchers conducting qualitative studies should seek to understand the ______ of study findings or _____ ____ that stem from the multiple realities assumption.

Answer 22

• variability

- unique experiences

Question 23

Neutrality:

Answer 23

the degree to which the findings of a study are based on the participants’ meanings and experiences, and not merely a function of researchers’ biases, motivations, interests, and perspectives

Question 24

9 common strategies to enhance trustworthiness, rigour and validation:

Answer 24

• audit trail
• member check
• peer debrief
• present negative or discrepant information
• prolonged engagement
• researcher reflexivity
• rich, thick descriptions
• triangulation

Question 25

Audit trail:

Answer 25

transparent description of research process

Question 26

Member check:

Answer 26

participants review data and findings

Question 27

Peer debrief:

Answer 27

another researcher fosters critical reflection of study findings

Question 28

Present negative or discrepant information:

Answer 28

highlight opposing perspectives and experiences

Question 29

Prolonged engagement:

Answer 29

a long time spent in the field among/with participants

Question 30

Purposeful sampling:

Answer 30

participants intentionally selected based on specific criteria

Question 31

Researcher reflexivity:

Answer 31

researcher reflects on the ways that her or his own biases, values, experiences, and background can inform the study

Question 32

Rich, thick descriptions:

Answer 32

thorough, meaningful summary of generated data to represent uniqueness and complexity

Question 33

Triangulation:

Answer 33

bringing together of a variety of data sources, perspectives, and methods

Question 34

2 parts of reflexivity:

Answer 34

- reflecting on one's experiences with the phenomenon/sample being explored - considering how one's experiences shape the research process

Question 35

Armchair walkthrough includes reflecting on all aspects of qualitative study including:

Answer 35

- types of questions that will be asked - kinds of data that are needed to inform the question - how the specific data can be collected - consider alternative approaches

Question 36

COREQ stands for...

Answer 36

consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research

Question 37

COREQ is divided into 3 categories or domains with corresponding areas of focus:

Answer 37

- research team and reflexivity - study design - analysis and findings

Question 38

Research team and reflexivity includes:

Answer 38

- personal characteristics of the researchers | - researchers' relationship with participants

Question 39

Study design includes:

Answer 39

- theoretical framework - participant selection - research setting - data generation

Question 40

Analysis and findings include:

Answer 40

- data analysis | - reporting of research

Question 41

The COREQ can be used as a guide to inform researchers of...

Answer 41

- some important aspects to consider including | - a way for the research audience to evaluate the merits of a qualitative study

Question 42

COREQ was initially developed specifically for the evaluation of qualitative studies that included _____ and _____ _____ as the main method of data generation.

Answer 42

- interviews | - focus groups

Question 43

COREQ domains and corresponding criteria are somewhat a reflection of the principle of ______ _____.

Answer 43

methodological coherence

Question 44

Characterizing traits:

Answer 44

criteria that may loosely allude to the quality of research, but are not necessarily indicative of strong research

Question 45

Characterizing traits are ____ and ______ among research studies.

Answer 45

- fluid | - dynamic

Question 46

Characterizing traits should be identified ....

Answer 46

throughout the entire research process

Question 47

Ethics is an ongoing process in research, and researchers need to ensure that they....

Answer 47

- have respect for persons - demonstrate concern for the quality of their experiences - treat people fairly and equitably

Question 48

Researchers need to continuously address tensions between....

Answer 48

the goals of their research and the rights of the participants

Question 49

Engaging in ethically questionable ways is sure to result in....

Answer 49

weak research

Question 50

____ ____ can be a great approach to check with their study participants and ensure the data they have shared is what they intended.

Answer 50

member checking

Question 51

One way for researchers to be ethical is to....

Answer 51

infuse basic ethical principles into their research

Question 52

Respect for autonomy example:

Answer 52

obtaining informed consent from participants

Question 53

Justice example:

Answer 53

ensuring participants have a say in the themes that emerge from the data

Question 54

Nonmaleficence example:

Answer 54

deciding to end data generation because the topics in an interview are too painful and difficult for a participant to discuss