Lecture 4

Question 1

Quantitative studies _____ theories.

Answer 1

test

Question 2

Qualitative studies ______ theories.

Answer 2

generate

Question 3

Theory:

Answer 3

explanation of observed patterns or supposition about a relationship among phenomena

Question 4

While a _____ provides a way of looking at something, a _____ seeks to explain what we see.

Answer 4

• paradigm

- theory

Question 5

Theory is generally derived from…

Answer 5

• observations
• experimentations
• reflective thinking

Question 6

Theory is composed of…

Answer 6

• verifiable

- testable statements or propositions

Question 7

Theory often includes _____ statements that …

Answer 7

• relational

- connect 2 or more variables such that knowing something about one variable can help to understand the other

Question 8

Theories can be used to provide a ____ or _____ to guide _____ or _____.

Answer 8

• blueprint or framework

- research questions or hypotheses

Question 9

Theory is the basic aim of ______.

Answer 9

science

Question 10

Theory allows scientists to…

Answer 10

• understand and predict outcomes of interest

- describe and explain a process or sequence of events

Question 11

Theory prevents scholars from…

Answer 11

being dazzled by the complexity of the empirical world by providing a linguistic tool for organizing it

Question 12

Theory in quantitative research is generally used to…

Answer 12

guide the entire research process

Question 13

Give examples of use of theory in quantitative research.

Answer 13

• scientific prediction of the expected relationships between variables
• how and why they are related
• used to develop hypothesis
• goal to understand, explain, predict phenomena in the real world

Question 14

In qualitative research, theory can provide broad explanations for _____ and _____.

Answer 14

behaviours and attitudes

Question 15

In qualitative research, theory can provide a _____ ____ or _____ for the study of gender, class, and ethnicity (various marginalized groups).

Answer 15

• theoretical lens

- perspective

Question 16

How can studies be the end point in qualitative research?

Answer 16

inductive process building from the data to themes to a generalized model or theory

Question 17

Why can’t theories be explicitly used in qualitative research?

Answer 17

some qualitative studies build from detailed descriptions of phenomenon

Question 18

Theory in mixed methods research can include…

Answer 18

• theory deductively (theory testing)
• theory inductively (emerging theory or pattern)
• theoretical lens or perspective to provide a framework for the study

Question 19

Describe the quote “a theory which cannot be mortally endangered cannot be alive”.

Answer 19

• define theory
• people need to constantly try and prove it wrong/test it
• if it’s set in stone, it’s a law
• need to be able to test it (feasible)
• risk involved (has to be the possibility of it proven wrong)

Question 20

Research question:

Answer 20

a broad inquiry statement regarding the central phenomenon

Question 21

Research questions do not include ____ ____.

Answer 21

directional words

Question 22

Research questions often begin with ____, _____, or _____.

Answer 22

• how
• what
• why

Question 23

Research questions address the ____ of the research to be done.

Answer 23

purpose

Question 24

Research questions identify:

Answer 24

• participants of the study

- where the research is being done

Question 25

Why would qualitative methods research not include hypothesis?

Answer 25

- subjective - inductive - asking questions

Question 26

What are the 2 types of research questions in qualitative research?

Answer 26

- central question | - subquestions

Question 27

Central question:

Answer 27

- broad question that asks for exploration of the central phenomenon - 1-2 - explore relevant general factors

Question 28

Subquestions:

Answer 28

- questions that narrow the focus of the study - no more than 5-7 - leave open the questioning

Question 29

In qualitative research, what are the 6 ways that the central question relate back to the strategy of inquiry?

Answer 29

- ethnography - critical ethnography - phenomenology - grounded theory - narrative research - case study

Question 30

Ethnography:

Answer 30

questions verify accuracy of the data

Question 31

Critical ethnography:

Answer 31

questions build on an existing body of literature

Question 32

Phenomenology:

Answer 32

questions broadly stated without specific reference to existing literature

Question 33

Grounded theory:

Answer 33

questions generate a theory

Question 34

Narrative research:

Answer 34

report (or reflect) the stories

Question 35

Case study:

Answer 35

explore a process

Question 36

General script:

Answer 36

?

Question 37

Quantitative research questions are _____ statements that raise questions about...

Answer 37

- interrogative | - relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to answer

Question 38

Quantitative research questions are used particularly in ______ and in ______.

Answer 38

- social science research | - survey studies

Question 39

Give examples of quantitative research questions.

Answer 39

- what is the estimated value of problem gamblers to the government of Alberta? - what is the impact that a new stadium would have on tax in Edmonton?

Question 40

Give a general script for quantitative research question describing outcomes.

Answer 40

what is the frequency and variation of scores on [name the variable] for [participants] in the study?

Question 41

Give a general script for quantitative research question focused on examining the relationship among variables.

Answer 41

does [name the theory] explain the relationship between [independent variable] and [dependent variable], controlling for the effects of [control variable]?

Question 42

Why are quantitative research questions important?

Answer 42

leads to the remaining parts of the research study design (sample, variable selection, statistical methodology)

Question 43

Mixed methods research questions need to clearly identify...

Answer 43

what qualitative and quantitative approaches are

Question 44

Mixed methods research questions address _____ and _____ questions in the order that they occur in the research design.

Answer 44

- qualitative and quantitative | - and subquestions or hypothesis

Question 45

A research question in a mixed methods research design conveys:

Answer 45

- the methods and procedures | - the content of the study

Question 46

A research question in a mixed methods research design combines:

Answer 46

the methods and content

Question 47

What are the 3 ways we could write mixed methods research questions?

Answer 47

- write separate qualitative and quantitative questions or hypothesis - write separate questions or hypotheses followed by a mixed methods question - write only a mixed methods question

Question 48

In mixed methods research questions, why would we write separate qualitative and quantitative questions or hypothesis?

Answer 48

places emphasis on the 2 approaches

Question 49

In mixed methods research questions, why would we write separate questions or hypotheses followed by a mixed methods question?

Answer 49

highlights the 2 approaches as well as their combined strength

Question 50

In mixed methods research questions, why would we write only a mixed methods question?

Answer 50

emphasizes the integration and not the individual parts

Question 51

Hypothesis describes specifically...

Answer 51

what you expect is going to happen in the study

Question 52

A good hypothesis:

Answer 52

- must be adequate for its purpose - must be testable - must be better than its rivals

Question 53

A hypothesis is an integration of:

Answer 53

- exploratory research | - common sense and logical reasoning

Question 54

What is the notation for research hypothesis?

Answer 54

HA or H1

Question 55

What is the notation for research hypothesis?

Answer 55

HO or H0

Question 56

One tailed hypothesis:

Answer 56

- specifies a direction | - program x will increase outcome y

Question 57

Two tailed hypothesis:

Answer 57

- does not specify a direction | - program x will effect outcome y

Question 58

You formulate your ______ and then formulate a ____ _____ that is _____ _____ of the first and incorporates all possible alternatives.

Answer 58

- prediction (directional or not) - second hypothesis - mutually exclusive