chapter 11 genetics

Question 1

P

Answer 1

parental generation

Question 2

F1

Answer 2

first fillial generation

Question 3

F2

Answer 3

second fillial generation

Question 4

mendel’s law of segregation

Answer 4

two copies of traits divide eually during gamete formation.
-half gametes carry one member, and the other half carry the other member.

-during fertilization, gametes unite at random, any trait can be inherited

Question 5

gene

Answer 5

DNA segment that codes for a protein

Question 6

Alleles

Answer 6

different forms of a gene present on each copy of the same chromosome

Question 7

Trait

Answer 7

a characteristic of an individual

Question 8

genotype

Answer 8

genetic makeup of a cell or organism

• refered to with letters (Aa)

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

an individuals observable traits

Question 10

mendel and modern genetics
(Flowers)

Answer 10

if an individual has both a purple allele and a white allele, flowers will be purple and that means purple is dominant and white is recessive

Question 11

what makes an allele Dominant or Recessive?

Answer 11

Traits will be selected because of it’s value to the environment or sexual selection

• dominant means if the trait is present it will overpower another recessive protein/ trait.

Question 12

mendel and meiosis

Answer 12

law of segregation based on behavior of chromosomes

-homologous chromosomes have the same genes in the same places but not always the same alleles

Question 13

homozygous

Answer 13

if you have two of the same you are homozygous for that allele ( AA or aa)

-can be homo dominant or recessive

Question 14

heterozygous

Answer 14

if you have two different alleles
(Aa)

Question 15

dominant

Answer 15

if one allele is dominant over the other you will express that trait (shown as capital letters)

Question 16

recessive

Answer 16

the non dominant allele
(shown as lowercase letters)

Question 17

Punnet squares

Answer 17

Not saying what will happen just giving the probability of what could.

Question 18

mendel’s law of independent assorment

Answer 18

the alleles of genes on a different chromosome segregate independently of eachother.

Question 19

phenotype probabilities for two independent traits

Answer 19

use multiplicative rule of probability

Question 20

pedigree basics

Answer 20

square= male
circle= female
diamond= unspecified sex
— = mating / offspring linked to siblings
l = offspring linked to parents
shaded shape = people with specific trait or disease

Question 21

exceptions to mendelian genes

incomplete dominance

Answer 21

produces a blended phenotype

-purple and white flower mate to become a lighter purple color. both genes represented mixed

Question 22

exceptions to mendelian genes

codominance

Answer 22

expresses both alleles distinctly in offspring

-purple and white flower mate and make a flower that has purple and white patches.

Question 23

exceptions to mendelian genes

polygenic inheritance

Answer 23

controlled by more than one gene

Question 24

exceptions to mendelian genes

multiple alleles

Answer 24

forms of genes

Question 25

# exceptions to mendelian genes epistasis

Answer 25

one gene interferes with or masks the expression of another

Question 26

# X-linked traits X-linked traits

Answer 26

traits can be x-linked dominant or recessive

Question 27

# X-linked traits X-linked recessive (most common)

Answer 27

**affected dads **can pass down traits to daughters but not sons. Daughters can be carriers and not have the triat. **affected moms** pass traits to both Son and daughter. Son would have the trait but daughter can be carrier or have trait.

Question 28

# Y-linked traits Y-linked traits

Answer 28

simple inheritance -phenotype passed only from father to son -all the father's sons will inherit the phenotype -daughters inherit nothing

Question 29

X-linked Dominant Traits

Answer 29

-If dad passes down dominant trait to daughter she will have trait due to it overriding momsrecessive trait. -Males will inhereit X from mom so they will not get it.