Biology 181 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

acid

A

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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2
Q

adhesions

A

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

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2
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atons

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3
Q

anion

A

negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

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4
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms

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5
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

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6
Q

atomic number

A

total number of protons in an atom

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7
Q

atomic weight

A

calculated mean of the atomic weights of an element’s isotopes

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8
Q

balanced chemical equation

A

statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants

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9
Q

base

A

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions concentration in a solution

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10
Q

buffer

A

substance that resists a change in PH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

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11
Q

calorie

A

the amount of heat required to change the temp of one gram of water by one degree

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12
Q

capillary action

A

water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures, drawing water molecules to the tubes sides (straw)

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13
Q

cation

A

+ ion formed by atom losing one or more electrons

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14
Q

chemical bond

A

interaction between 2 or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming a molecule

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15
Q

chemical reaction

A

process leading to rearranging the atoms in molecules

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16
Q

chemical reactivity

A

the ability to combine and to chemically bond with eachother

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17
Q

cohesion

A

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water - surface tension

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18
Q

compound

A

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements

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19
Q

covalent bond

A

strong bond between two atoms of the same or different elements ; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

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20
Q

dissociation

A

release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion
and the charged remains of the original, such as
when water dissociates into H+ and OH-

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21
Q

inert gas (noble)

A

element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms

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22
Q

ion

A

atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

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23
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)

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24
irreversible chem reaction
chem reaction where reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products
25
isomers
molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chem formula
26
isotope
one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
27
law of mass action
chem law stating that the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substance
28
litmus paper
paper treated with natural water soluble dys that changes its color as pH of the enviornment changes in order to use it as a pH ndicator
29
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
29
matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
30
molecule
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
31
neutron
uncharged particle that resides in an atoms nucleus - mass of one AMU
32
nonpolar covalent bond
forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them
33
nucleus
core of atom contains protons and neutrons
34
octet rule
atoms are most stabel when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells
35
orbital
region surrounding the nucleus - contains electrons
36
organic molecule
any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)
37
electrolyte
ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance
38
electron
negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside the nucleus in the electron orbital -negative charge of 1
39
electron configuration
arrangement of electrons in an atoms electron shell
40
electron orbital
how electrons are spacially distributed surrounding the nucleus
41
electron transfer
movement of elecetrons form one element to another - helps create ionic bonds
42
electronegativity
ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
43
element
one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down any smaller - has specified number of protons
44
enantiomers
molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are 'mirror images of each other'
45
equilibrium
steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system
46
evaporation
change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of waters surface, plant leaves, or an organisma skin
47
functional group
group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
48
geometric isomer
isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
49
heat of vapo of water
high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
50
hydrocarbon
molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
51
hydrogen bond
weak bond between s+ charged hydrogenatoms and s- charged atoms in other molecules
52
hydrophilic
ions or polar molecules that interact qwll qith other polar molecules such as water
53
hydrophobic
uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules like water
54
ph scale
0-14 very acidic to neutral
55
polar covalent bonds
type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing , creating s+ and s- molecule regions
56
product
molecule from chem reaction
56
proton
+ charged particle that resides in the atoms nucleus - has mass of 1 amu and a charge of +1
57
radioisotope
emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements
58
reactant
molecule that takes part in a chem reaction
59
reversible chem reaction
reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough
60
solvent
substance capable of dissolving another substance
61
specific heat capacity
amount of heat one gram of a substance must absord to lose or change its temp by one degree C
62
sphere of hydration
when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution
63
structural isomers
molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chem bonds
64
substituted hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom if another element in place of one of the backbone carbons
65
surface tension
tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules form seperating
66
valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
67
van der waals interaction
very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are close together
Biology 181
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