chapter 6

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

sum of all chemical processes occuring in the living cells or organisms

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

ability to work or put matter into motion

Question 3

what are the 2 states of energy?

Answer 3

kinetic
potential

Question 4

kinetic energy

Answer 4

energy of motion

Question 5

potential energy

Answer 5

stored energy

Question 6

3 types of potential energy

Answer 6

gravitational
elastic
chemical (stored in bonds between atoms & energy)= electrons

Question 7

2 metabolic pathways

Answer 7

anabolic
catabolic

Question 8

anabolic

Answer 8

small molecules assemble into large ones
-energy is required

Question 9

catabolic

Answer 9

large molecules break down into small ones
-energy is released

Question 10

chemical potential energy

Answer 10

harvested when chemical bonds are broken and electrons are moved around

=oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 11

In chemical potential energy
atoms/molecules that lose an electron are what?

Answer 11

oxidized

Question 12

In chemical potential energy
atoms/molecules that gain an electron are what?

Answer 12

reduced

Question 13

thermodynamics

Answer 13

study of energy and energy changes

Question 14

spontaneous reactions

Answer 14

happen w/o energy investment

Question 15

non-spontaneous

Answer 15

require our energy investment

Question 16

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 16

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only change from one form to another

Question 17

what do we lose every reaction?

Answer 17

energy in the form of heat

Question 18

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 18

order requires more energy and is less stable than disorder

Question 19

disorder

Answer 19

always increasing and requires less energy

Question 20

heat energy

Answer 20

energy that transfers from one system to another that is NOT DOING WORK.
-the more energy lost= more disorder

Question 21

entropy

Answer 21

measure of randomness or disorder to the system

Question 22

thermodynamics and metabolism

Answer 22

same energy as before
-just changed form
-has some unusable energy (released as heat)
-has some free energy (what is left over after heat is released)

Question 23

measuring chemical energy

Answer 23

kilocalorie is most commonly used
-measurement of heat energy
-1 calorie= 1,000 kilocalories

Question 24

bond length and strength

Answer 24

shorter bond= stronger, more stable, harder to break + stores more potential energy
longer bond= easier to break + less potential energy

Question 25

free energy

Answer 25

usable energy available to do work in a system (left over after a reaction aside from unusable energy)

Question 26

measuring free energy

Answer 26

measured in a quantity called **Gibbs free energy** -(delta G)= change in free energy * (-deltaG)= decrease in GFE, happens spontaneously, increase in disorder - (+delta G)= increase in GFE, non-spontaneous

Question 27

exergonic reactions

Answer 27

(-delta G) spontaneous -release energy

Question 28

endergonic reactions

Answer 28

(+delta G) non-spontaneous -add energy

Question 29

activation energy

Answer 29

input of energy required for a chemical reaction (example= pontaneous reactions still need a tiny shove)

Question 30

enzymes

Answer 30

speed up reactions one for every biological reaction no life w/o them make and break bonds, alter structures

Question 31

salivary amylase

Answer 31

breaks macromolecules into polymers -binds molecules and breaks bonds -high heat= looser shape / cannot bind/ break apart

Question 32

invertase catalyzes (breaks up) sucrose hydrolosis

Answer 32

enzyme wraps around sucrose with H2O and breaks molecule into **fructose** and **glucose**