Chapter 12

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

Question 2

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Answer 2

Personality is mainly unconscious. To understand it, look at the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind. Early childhood experiences shape personality.

Question 3

Freud and Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

• Sex drive is the key motivator and mains factor in shaping.
• It includes all pleasurable activities, not just sex.
  -OG of talk therapy:

Question 4

ID

Answer 4

Unconscienceddrives and reservoir of sexual energy. ( devil on your shoulder). The ID operates on the pleasure principle. Seeking immediate gratifcation.

Ex: someone is angry and wants to hit someone; they will go hit someone.

Question 5

Ego

Answer 5

Deal with the demands of reality.Incharge in things like decision making, reasoning, problem solving, conscious thinking. Operates on the reality principle. Ego seeks to get with the ID wants within the norms of society. Ex: helps you control your acts.

Question 6

Superego

Answer 6

Refers to the harsh internal judge of out behavior. Spefically it is going to invarate the morality. ( super angel on your shoulder). Goal is to have to have an healthy Ego that can successfully immediate the wants between the ID and superego.

Question 7

Conflict between the ID, ego, and superego results

Answer 7

in anxiety.

Question 8

Defense Mechanisms:

Answer 8

These are tatics that are use by the ego to reduce anxtiey by unconscincelly distorting the reality.

Question 9

Repression

Answer 9

The ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness and back into the unconsciousmind.

Question 10

Rationalization

Answer 10

The ego distorts the fact to make an experience less threating. Ex: cheat on a quiz; instead of feeling guilty you say: everyone cheats on a test.

Question 11

Displacement

Answer 11

The ego redirects emotions from the real source offrasution to a safer or more convenient target

Question 12

Sublimation

Answer 12

The ego replaces unacceptable impulses with a socially accepted. Ex: your really angry; you go to kickboxing classes.

Question 13

Projection

Answer 13

The ego attrubues presonal short comes probolems and faults to other people. Ex: cheating on your significant other; but your projecting your short comes on your partner.

Question 14

Reaction formation

Answer 14

Involves acting in opposite way of what you really feel because you are trying hide your true emotions.

Question 15

Denial

Answer 15

Your ego refuse to knowledge anxiety producing realities.

Question 16

Regression

Answer 16

The egoreverts to an earlier less matureway of copingwhen faced with stress of anxiety.

Question 17

Psychosexual Stages 1

Answer 17

Psychosexual Stages 1

Question 18

Oral Stage

Answer 18

0–18 Months
infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth.

Question 19

Anal Stage

Answer 19

18–36 Months
child’s pleasure involves eliminative functions.

Question 20

Phallic Stage

Answer 20

3–6 Years
child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals.
Oedipus complex.
castration anxiety.

Question 21

Latency Stage

Answer 21

: 6 Years–Puberty.
psychic “time-out”.
interest in sexuality is repressed.

Question 22

Genital Stage

Answer 22

Adolescence and Adulthood.
sexual reawakening.
source of sexual pleasure shifts to people outside the family.
maturity: love and work.

Question 23

Fixation

Answer 23

stuck in a particular developmental stage (e.g., anal retentive)

Question 24

Sexuality

Answer 24

not pervasive force behind personality.
Oedipus complex not universal.
views of women limited and inaccurate.
gender views entrenched in gender binary.

Question 25

Early Experience

Answer 25

first 5 years not as powerful in shaping adult personality.

Question 26

Horneys Sociocultural Approach

Answer 26

first 5 years not as powerful in shaping adult personality.

Question 27

Jung’s Analytical Theory.

Answer 27

collective unconscious and archetypes.-Shared by all humans because of our ancestral pasts.

Question 28

Archetypes-

Answer 28

Jung’s term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people.

Question 29

Adler’s Individual Psychology.

Answer 29

perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator. compensation. birth order.

Question 30

Humanistic Perspectives

Answer 30

Emphasize positive human qualities and the capacity for personal growth

Question 31

Abraham Maslow

Answer 31

hierarchy of needs. self-actualization. peak experiences.breath taking moments of spiritual insight. research focused on people who were successful; tended to be male, from Western cultures and European ancestry.

Question 32

Humanistic Perspectives

Answer 32

Humanistic Perspectives

Question 33

Carl Rogers

Answer 33

Rogers-Believed that we as humans have an innate need for positive reguard. This idea is that we need to be loved, liked, and reguarded. created theory from observations of his therapy clients. we are all born with the raw ingredients of a fulfilling life; we just need the right conditions to thrive.

Question 34

unconditional positive regard.

Answer 34

This need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of our behavior.

Question 35

conditions of worth

Answer 35

standards that we must live up to in order to receive positive guard.

Question 36

self-concept

Answer 36

The hub of human functioning. It is a representation of who we are and who we wish to become.

Question 37

To be happy we need____

Answer 37

unconditional positive guard, interacting with people are empethetic, and we need to be genuine.

Question 38

Trait:

Answer 38

Long lasting and enduring disposition that leads to characteristic patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

Question 39

Gordon Allport

Answer 39

rejected idea that unconscious is central to understanding personality. personality best understood through traits. behavior consistent across situations. lexical approach → 4500 traits.

Question 40

W. T. Norman

Answer 40

five factor model (big five factors of personality). broad traits—main dimensions of personality.

Question 41

Five Factor Model of Personality

Answer 41

These will describe the main dementions of personality

Question 42

Openess

Answer 42

You enjoy intellectual challenges, are interested in art and culture, and often engage in creative activities. Being high in openness is linked to being politically liberal, open-minded, creative, and curious.

Question 43

Conscientiousness-

Answer 43

A person’s tendency to be responsible, hard working, disciplined, and goal oriented. A person who is high in this trait will turn in assignments on time, never run late, and will be reliable. A person who is low on this is the opposite. Being high in consciousness is related to higher college gpa, better work performances and higher lifetime earnings. Being low indicates criminal behavior and substance abuse.

Question 44

Extraversion-

Answer 44

Refers to the tendency to be sociable, outgoing, and is related to stimulation in environment. Extroverts tend to recharge in the presence of others. A person that is high in extroversion is charismatic, energetic, and life of the part. Someone who is low is going to be more quiet, reserved, and prefer one or one conversations. And they recharge alone

Question 45

Agreeableness

Answer 45

This is the tendency to be cooperative. You are kind and polite. You want to maintain social harmony. You want everyone to just get along. Someone who is high is a passiontate coworker who is cooperative. They care about others and wants to help them. Someone who is low will say whatever they feel no matter who it upsets. They typically prioritize

Question 46

Neuroticism/Stability

Answer 46

Stability-Refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions. They have anxiety and worry. They are more irritability- Someone who is low in this will fold under pressure. Someone who is low is completely unfased. They can handle situations in a very calm manner. People who are high in this are at risk of anxiety. Women tend to be higher in neuroticism.

Question 47

Traits are ____

Answer 47

stable by definition yet positive traits increase across adulthood (social maturity).

Question 48

Appear in other cultures_____

Answer 48

especially extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Question 49

Indecision-

Answer 49

the influence of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals on our personality development. The relationship between the person, their behavior, and their behavior, they are all tow way streets. One impacts the other. All of these factors impact who we are.

Question 50

reciprical determinsm-

Answer 50

the influence of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals on our personality development.

Question 51

personal control

Answer 51

This idea that we can regulate and control our own behavior despite what is going on in our environment

Question 52

one type of personal control is

Answer 52

Locus of Control

Question 53

Locus of Control

Answer 53

-the type of personal control that involves the belief that you yourself can control your own life and that your actions determine the outcome that you receive. Example, I failed to study so it is my fault that I failed

Question 54

External locus of control

Answer 54

you believe that outside forces like luck, fate, and other people cotrols your life. If you failed the test, you would say that my instructor made the test really hard and thus that is why I failed

Question 55

self-efficacy

Answer 55

Belief that you can accomplish a goal

Question 56

Walter Mischel Situationalism

Answer 56

This is the idea that our personality and behvior varies from one context to another.

Question 57

CAPS Model of Personality.

Answer 57

stability over time rather than across situations. personality—a set of interconnected cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS).

Question 58

Biological Perspectives

Answer 58

Biological Perspectives

Question 59

Personality and the Brain

Answer 59

brain imaging used to research how personality characteristics are reflected in brain processes.

Question 60

Eysenck’s Reticular Activation System Theory

Answer 60

extroverts and introverts have different base-line levels of arousal. This means we all have this optimal level in arousal in which we feel comfortably engaged in the world. Arousal means the amount of stimulation we get from the world around us.