Psych > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
Features
connected to real-life events.
research often experimental.

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2
Q

The Bystander Effect:

A

The tendency of a person who observes in an emergency to help less when other people are present.

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3
Q

Darley and Latané (1968):

A

Found that when a person is alone, they will go out to get help. This would happen about 70 Percent of the time
People who are with others will take action about 50% of the time.
Diffusion of responsibility: When you are in the presence of others, you feel less likely to help.

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4
Q

Person Perception

A

you are using social stimuli to form impressions of other people. A person’s face is one stimulus we use to form impressions of other people.

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5
Q

Stereotype

A

general statements about a group without accounting for individual differences in that group

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6
Q

beautiful is good” stereotype:

A

the belief that someone who is physically attractive must have other positive qualities. This is not the case because Ted Bundy was a serial killer who looked good.

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7
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When expectations cause people to act in certain ways that then serve to make the expectations come true.

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8
Q

Attributions

A

explanations for the causes of behavior.

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9
Q

Attribution Theory

A

we are motivated to discover the causes of another persons behavior

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10
Q

internal/external causes

A

causes-Internal-you are explaining what a person is doing based on their traits External-the environment, bad weather, etc causes behavior

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11
Q

stable/unstable causes.

A

Stable- the cause of the behavior is relatively permanent
Unstable- Something that is just a temporary behavior-maybe they have a medical emergency or late to work.

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12
Q

controllable/uncontrollable causes.

A

Controllable-A behavior that you can control
Uncontrollable-when a behavior is out of someones control

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13
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors when explaining someone elses behavior

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14
Q

Collectivistic cultures

A

cultures-They will value social harmony, conforming with the group

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15
Q

Individualistic

A

it is all about individualistic success. Focuses on individualistic freedom. You can stand out from others.

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16
Q

Heuristics

A

cognitive shortcuts that speed decision making

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17
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

A tendency to make judgements about group memberships based on physical appearance alone

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18
Q

False consensus effect

A

This is when we overestimate the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way that we do

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19
Q

Confirmation

A

the tendency to seek out information that agrees with our beliefs and we ignore anything that goes against our beliefs

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20
Q

Self-Esteem

A

The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

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21
Q

positive illusions

A

views of ourselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

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22
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure.

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23
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

This is when an individuals fast acting self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group comes true

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24
Q

Social Comparison

A

process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

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25
Upward comparisons
when we compare ourselves to people that are better off than ourselves
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Downward comparisons
We are comparing ourselves to those who are less fortunate than us.
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When can attitudes predict behavior?
When we feel strongly about something (We don’t like littering and will pick up liter, When we have a strong awareness of our belief and we practice it(You may prepare a speech and do research and be more likely to recycle), whenever you have a vested interest(If something were to directly impact you, you are more likely to act on that attitude
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cognitive dissonance-
refers to a person's psychological discomfort caused by having two inconsistent thoughts.
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Festinger (1957) study
proposed a theory of social study.
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Dissonance Reduced by
changing our attitudes to fit our behavior or changing our behavior to fit our attitudes.
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Persuasion
Trying to change someone’s attitude (and behavior)
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Elements of persuasion
Communicator, Medium, Target, Message
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Communicator
The person that is doing the persuasion and is the key factor of persuasion
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Medium
Another persuasion factor is how the message is conveyed or the medium used to get the message across.
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Target
The audience or target of the message can play a role in message persuation
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Message
A key aspect of persuasion itself. Involves strong logical arguments, and others focusing
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elaboration likelihood model. of persuasion
central route peripheral route
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central route
This will be using logical arguments to persuade the audience. Will work best best for people that have a high need for cognition. They enjoy critical thinking, and complex effortful thinking
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peripheral route
Will use emotional appeals or other people like the attractiveness off a communicator or the attractiveness of an ad. People with low need for cognition and don’t want to think too deeply and enjoy a simple route of processing.
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Successful Persuasion
foot-in-the-door technique door-in-the-face technique
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foot-in-the-door technique
asking small requests first and saving the biggest demand for last. When people say yes once, they will more likely say yes again
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door-in-the-face technique
when you make the biggest request first and you know they will it will be rejected.
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Social Behavior
We behave in social ways toward the people around us.
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Two extremes of human social activity:
altruism. aggression.
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Altruism
refers to giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person.
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Egoism
helping another person with the goal of personal gain. This could be for self esteem boost, presenting yourself in a positive light.
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psychological factors of Altruism
Empathy Personality Mood
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Empathy
this is that feeling of feeling connected with other humans.
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Personality
People that are high on agreeableness will be more likely to engage in altruistic behaviors
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Mood
The mood that we are in is related to how likely we are to help other withn the purpose of helping them
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sociocultural factors.
socioeconomic status Meida Influence
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socioeconomic status
People with lower ses are more likely to help others, to be altruistic thatn people from a higher ses (Social economic status)
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media influence
: If we see people engaging in pro social behaviors, we will be more likely to engage in them. We see that in the media. Ex-Mrbeast going out to help others inspired us to do the same
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Aggression
Behavior that is intended to harm another person
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Testosterone
this is biologically related to aggression. Testosterone is nature. It is a part of us. High testosterone only predicts aggression in boys when those children experience harsh discipline at home.
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People ______ are related to increase in ____
Low in agreeableness agression
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observational learning-
When we see people acting agressivelty without punishment, we are more likely to act agression
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Sociocultural Influences of agression
cultural variations media violence.
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media violence.
TV. violent video games. Playing violent video games can lead to aggressive thoughts and behaviors. TV can also do that same thing.
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Conformity
Change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
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Asch’s Experiment (1951):
Invited participants in a lab and each trial consisted of 1 particapant and 5 confederates. Ash will show them these lines. The participants where asked which line on one side of the drawing looked like the single line on the other side. When the confederates are asked, they give the wrong answer on person. But when the participant was asked, they were pier pressured and said the wrong answer to conform.
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Factors That Contribute to Conformity. psychological
informational social influence: normative social influence:
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informational social influence:
we conform to the group because we want to be right and correct.
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normative social influence
: We conform to a group because we want people to like us. cultural. (collectivistic vs individualistic cultures)-Individualistic cultures will stand out from the group and have more independent
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Collectivistic
culture that is more likely to conform to a group collectivism promotes conformity
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Odediance-
you are following the explicate demands to an authority figure even if they are not right morally beciause they feel like they have no other choice
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Deindividuation:
The reduction in personal identity and the erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when in a group. When we are part of a group, we loose ourselves. So if the group sets a city on fire, you may follow that group because you are celebrating the win of a team
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Social Contagion
The spread of actions, emotions, and ideas when we are in a group.
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Group Performance: Social Fecilitation
when a persons performance improves because of the presence of others.
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Social loafing-
a persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of the reduced accountability for individual effort.
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Group Risky Shift
the tendency for a group to be riskier than what the average person would do. For example, when you are hiking on your own, you may stick to a trail that you are familiar with, but when you are with other people, you may experiment with new riskier trails.
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Polarization
When group discussions move people more strongly to the original stance. If you come in and kindly oppose a bill, after you discuss and debate, you will be more likely to strongly oppose it.
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Groupthink:
This is when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.
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symptoms of groupthink:
Overestimating the power and morality of ones group- you have all the right answers and are inheritor right and more powerful closed mindedness- unwillingness to hear all sides Pressure to agree and to be uniformed in this decision.
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avoiding groupthink:
You need to hear all sides of an argument You need to have an impartial leader that does not put pressure on the group to just agree. Bringing in some outside experts because your group does not know it all. Allow the members to descent. They should be encouraged to say something if they don’t agree
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Social identity
The way that we define and identify ourselves in terms of our group membership.
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types of social identity.
ethnicity and religion. personal relationships. vocations and avocations. political affiliations. stigmatized groups.
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social identity theory
Our social identity is a crucial part of our self image. It is a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.
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ingroups versus outgroups
The group that we identify with. We hold a special value to them because it makes us feel good. Think about being part of SLU.
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Ethnocentrism
the tendency to favor ones own ethnic group over other groups.
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Prejudice
An unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members.
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Racsim-
Prejiditial aditudes and discriminatory behaviors towards a person because of their race
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systemic racism
: this is when there are actual systems, there are institutions that discriminate on the basis of race
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explicit racism
A persons conscious and openly shared attitudes. It is blatant and explicent
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Implicate Racism
Predudicial additives that exist in a hidden more deeper level
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explanations for prejudice.
competition between groups. cultural learning. motivation to enhance self-esteem. limitations in cognitive processes.
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Microaggressions
Everyday subtle and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups. An example is OK Boomer. That BMW IX Ad.
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Comptetion between groups
When rescources are scarce. The job market is not looking too good and rescources are scarce
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Discrimination
An unjustified, negative, or harmful action towards a person simply because they belong to a certain group
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