CHAPTER 12

Question 1

leadership emergence

Answer 1

Study
of the characteristics of
individuals who become
leaders, examining the
basis on which they were
elected, appointed, or
simply accepted.

Question 2

leadership effectiveness

Answer 2

Study of which behaviors
on the part of a desig
nated leader (regardless
of how that position was
achieved) led to an out
come valued by the work
group or organization.

Question 3

abusive supervision

Answer 3

Non
physical forms of hostility or aggression carried
out by managers against
employees who directly
report to them.

Question 4

leader

Answer 4

The individual
in a group given the task
of directing task-relevant
group activities or, in the
absence of a designated
leader, carrying the
primary responsibility for
performing these functions in the group.

Question 5

attempted leadership

Answer 5

A situation that occurs
when a leader accepts the
goal of changing a follower and can be observed
attempting to do so.

Question 6

successful leadership

Answer 6

A situation that occurs
when a follower changes
his or her behavior as
a function of the leader’s effort.

Question 7

effective leadership

Answer 7

A situation that occurs
when a leader changes a
follower’s behavior, result
ing in both leader and
follower feeling satisfied
and effective.

Question 8

leader development

Answer 8

process that concentrates on developing,
maintaining, or enhancing
individual leader attributes such as knowledge,
skills, and abilities.

Question 9

leadership development

Answer 9

A process that concentrates on the leader–
follower relationship and
on developing an environment in which the leader
can build relationships
that enhance cooperation
and resource exchange.

Question 10

interpersonal competence

Answer 10

Type of competence that
includes social awareness
and social skills, such as
the ability to resolve conflict and foster a spirit of cooperation

Question 11

power motive

Answer 11

The desire
to attain control or power
that results from people
learning that the exercise
of control over others
or the environment
is pleasing.

Question 12

activity inhibition

Answer 12

Psychological term used to
describe a person who is
not impulsive.

Question 13

affiliation need

Answer 13

Need for
approval or connections
with others.

Question 14

“great man” theories

Answer 14

Leadership theories
developed by historians
who examined the life of a
respected leader for clues
leading to that person’s
greatness; often focused
on a galvanizing experience or an admirable trait
(persistence, optimism, or
intelligence) that a leader
possesses to a singular degree.

Question 15

trait approach

Answer 15

Leader
ship theory that attempted
to show that leaders
possessed certain characteristics that nonleaders did not.

Question 16

power approach

Answer 16

Leader
ship theory that examines
the types of power wielded
by leaders.

Question 17

behavioral approach

Answer 17

Begun by researchers at
Ohio State University,
leadership theory that
focused on the kinds of
behavior engaged in by
people in leadership roles
and identified two major
types: consideration and
initiating structure.

Question 18

consideration

Answer 18

Type of
behavior identified in
the Ohio State studies;
included behavior indicating mutual trust, respect,
and a certain warmth
and rapport between the
supervisor and group.

Question 19

initiating structure

Answer 19

Type
of behavior identified
in the Ohio State stud
ies; included behavior
in which the supervisor
organizes and defines
group activities and his or
her relation to the group

Question 20

task-oriented behavior

Answer 20

Type of behavior identified by University of
Michigan researchers as
an important part of a
leader’s activities; similar
to initiating structure from
the Ohio State studies.

Question 21

relations-oriented behavior

Answer 21

Type of behavior
identified by University
of Michigan researchers
as an important part of a
leader’s activities; similar
to consideration in the
Ohio State model.

Question 22

participative behavior

Answer 22

Type of behavior identi
fied in the Michigan
studies; allows subordi
nates more participation
in decision making and
encourages more two-way
communication.

Question 23

contingency approach

Answer 23

Leadership theory pro
posed to take into account
the role of the situation in
the exercise of leadership

Question 24

job maturity

Answer 24

A subordinate’s job-related ability,
skills, and knowledge.

Question 25

psychological maturity

Answer 25

The self-confidence and self-respect of the subordinate.

Question 26

leader-member exchange (LMX) theory

Answer 26

Leadership theory proposing that leaders adopt different behaviors with individual subordinates; the particular behavior pattern of the leader develops over time and depends to a large extent on the quality of the leader–subordinate relationship

Question 27

in-group members

Answer 27

People who have high-quality relationships with their leader and high latitude for negotiating their work roles.

Question 28

out-group members

Answer 28

People who have low-quality relationships with their leader and little latitude for negotiating their work roles.

Question 29

life cycle of a leader-follower relationship

Answer 29

A description of more recent versions of leader member exchange (LMX) theory, which includes a dynamic process in which the task of the leader is to drive the relationship from a tentative first-stage relationship to a deeper, more meaningful one.

Question 30

transformational leadership

Answer 30

Leadership theory that describes the behavior of inspirational political leaders who transform their followers by appealing to nobler motives such as justice, morality, and peace.

Question 31

transactional leadership

Answer 31

Leaders show followers how they can meet their personal goals by adopting a particular behavior pattern; the leader develops social contracts with followers in which certain behaviors will be rewarded.

Question 32

idealized influence

Answer 32

Leaders display conviction, emphasize trust, take stands on difficult issues, emphasize the importance of commitment and purpose, and are aware of the ethical consequences of their decisions

Question 33

inspirational motivation

Answer 33

Leaders articulate an appealing vision of the future, challenge followers with high standards, talk optimistically with enthusiasm, and provide encouragement and meaning for what needs to be done.

Question 34

intellectual stimulation

Answer 34

Leaders question old assumptions, values, and beliefs; stimulate new ways of doing things; and encourage expression of ideas and reasons.

Question 35

individualized consideration

Answer 35

Leaders deal with others as individuals; consider individual needs, abilities, and aspirations; listen attentively; and advise, coach, and teach

Question 36

laissez-faire leadership

Answer 36

Leaders provide little guidance to their followers; lowest level of leadership identified by Bass (1997), who contrasted it with transactional leadership and transformational leadership

Question 37

full-range theory of leadership

Answer 37

Hierarchical model that ranges from laissez-faire leadership through transactional leadership to transformational leadership

Question 38

multifactor leadership questionnaire

Answer 38

Self-report instrument used in the development and validation of the theory of transformational leadership.

Question 39

authentic leadership

Answer 39

A style of leadership that emphasizes the genuine ness and integrity of the leader, usually accompanied by a life story

Question 40

charisma

Answer 40

A personal attribute of a leader that hypnotizes followers and compels them to identify with and attempt to emulate the leader.

Question 41

charismatic leader

Answer 41

Followers are emotionally attached to this leader, never question the leader’s beliefs or actions, and see themselves as integral to the accomplishment of the leader's goals

Question 42

charismatic leadership theory

Answer 42

Approach to leadership theory with many different versions of the notion that charisma is related to leadership; in one version, in a crisis situation, followers perceive charismatic characteristics in an individual and accept that person as a leader; in another version, certain leader behaviors (use of innovative strategies) contribute to a charismatic aura.

Question 43

virtual team

Answer 43

Team that has widely dispersed mem bers working together toward a common goal and linked through computers and other technology.

Question 44

global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness

Answer 44

Large-scale cross-cultural study of leadership by 170 social scientists and management researchers in over 60 countries

Question 45

culture-specific characteristics

Answer 45

Leader characteristics that are more acceptable in some countries than others.