OB EXAM 2 > Chapter 12 UPDATED > Flashcards

Chapter 12 UPDATED Flashcards

Reproduction: Where it all begins (60 cards)

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1
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
-What are the two cycles?

A
  1. Ovarian Cycle
  2. Uterine Cycle
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2
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
-What does the ovarian cycle consist of?

A

Changes in the ovaries –> making/releasing eggs

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2
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
-What does the uterine cycle consist of?

A

Changes in the uterus –> preparing for pregnancy

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3
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
-What is the average cycle?

A

28 days

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4
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Ovarian Cycle
-What happens during days 1-14?
-What is this controlled by?

A

-Egg is maturing & getting ready
-FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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5
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Ovarian Cycle
-What does FSH do?

A

It makes follicles available & prepares for possible fertilization

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6
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Ovarian Cycle
-What happens at day 14?
-What does this cause?
-Describe this time

A

-LH (luteinizing hormone) spikes
-Ovulation –> egg is released
-This is the MOST fertile time –> “window” where pregnancy is most likely

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7
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Ovarian Cycle
-What occurs after ovulation if sperm is present?
-What happens if sperm is NOT present?

A

-fertilization can happen
-Egg disintegrates & cycle starts over

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8
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Uterine Cycle
-What happens during days 1-14?
-What happens to the uterine lining?
-What is the purpose of this?

A

-Estrogen increases
-It becomes thicker, more vascular and nourishing
-To prepare a place for fertilized egg to implant

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9
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Uterine Cycle
-What happens after ovulation?
-What if pregnancy happens?

A

-Progesterone increases to keep lining thick & stable
-Progesterone stays high to keep the pregnancy going

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10
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: Uterine Cycle
-What happens by day 17-18 if there is no pregnancy?

A

Progesterone drops & shedding occurs (period)

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11
Q

FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
-What does birth control contain?
-What does it do?

A

-Estrogen & progesterone
-Prevents ovulation & pregnancy

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12
Q

CONCEPTION
-How long does sperm live?

A

3 days (72 hours)

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13
Q

CONCEPTION
-Where does fertilization take place?

A

In the outer third of the fallopian tube

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14
Q

CONCEPTION
-What is a zygote?
-What happens next?

A

-The first cells of the new individual (sperm + egg)
-These cells divide & become morula

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15
Q

CONCEPTION
-How many cells are in the morula?

A

16

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16
Q

CONCEPTION
-What does the morula become?
-What do these cells do?

A

-Bastocyst: trophoblast, embryoblast
-they will develop into organs, eyes, brain, spine, etc.

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17
Q

CONCEPTION
-When does implantation occur?
-What establishes? (4)

A

-6-10 days after conception
-chorionic villi, decidua basalis, decidua capsularis, decidua vera

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18
Q

FERTILIZATION PROCESS
-Conception occurs with what?

A

The union of a single egg & sperm

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19
Q

FERTILIZATION PROCESS
-___-___ mL of semen contain how many sperm?
-How does it move to cause fertilization?

A

-2-5; 300 million
-through flagellar movement –> vagina, cervix, endometrium, ampula of fallopian tube

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20
Q

FERTILIZATION PROCESS
-Conception occurs ____ weeks after what?

A

-2 weeks (Day 14)
-the 1st day of the LMP

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21
Q

EMBRYO & FETUS
-How long does pregnancy last?

A

280 days

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22
Q

EMBRYO & FETUS
-What are the germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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23
Q

EMBRYO & FETUS
-Development of the embryo lasts how long?
-This is the most critical time for _____

A

-from day 15-8 weeks (3-8 weeks) after conception
-development

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24
**EMBRYO & FETUS** -What are teratogens
-substances or exposure that causes abnormal development
25
**EMBRYO & FETUS** -What is **NOT** safe to take? -Why?
-Regular multivitamins -they contain certain vitamins that aren't good for developing fetus
26
**GERM LAYERS** -What does the ectoderm give rise to? (7)
Anything OUTSIDE --> epidermis (skin), hair, nails, glands, inner ear, eye, oral/nasal mucosa
27
**GERM LAYERS** -What does the mesoderm give rise to? (6)
Anything in the MIDDLE --> muscles, bones, teeth, dermis, tissue, urogenital
28
**GERM LAYERS** -What does the endoderm give rise to? (8)
Anything INSIDE --> lining of respiratory/digestive tract, cells, liver, pancreas, urethra, bladder, vagina, roof of yolk sac
29
What are the two fetal membranes that surround the developing embryo?
1. Chorion 2. Amnion
30
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -This is made up of what percent of water?
98-99%
31
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -What does it function as? (6)
1. Thermoregulation (37C, 98.6F) 2. Oral + respiratory waste 3. F&E homeostasis 4. Cushioning & musculoskeletal development + movement 5. Antibacterial 6. Auditory stimulation
32
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -Oligohydramnios?
<300 mL OR 500 mL at term
33
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -Polyhydramnios? -What can it be related to?
-1500-2000 mL (2 L) -Kidneys --> monitor function & fetal growth
34
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -What does it contain? (7)
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, electrolytes, fetal cells, lanugo, & vernix caseosa
35
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -During the first trimester, what is AF produced from?
the amniotic membrane
36
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -During the 2nd & 3rd trimester, what is AF produced by?
Fetal kidneys
37
**AMNIOTIC FLUID** -AF (increases/decreases) during pregnancy -When does it peak? -It (increases/decreases) to ____ at term
-increases -at 34 weeks; 800-1000 mL -decreases; 500-600 mL
38
**YOLK SAC** -It provides ____ to the developing embryo -It serves as the site of what? -It contributes to the development of what 2 tracts?
-nutrients -initial hematopoiesis -GI & reproductive
39
**FETAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT** -It is influenced by complex interactions between ___ & ___ factors
genetic & environmental
40
**FETAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT** -What plays a major role? -Many congenital anomalies & disorders are the result of what?
-Fetal & parental genetics -chromosomal abnormalities
41
**FETAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT** -What are 3 environmental influences on fetal development?
1. Health of placenta 2. Maternal health 3. Teratogens
42
**FETAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT** -What maternal health factors influence fetal development?
Nutrition, age, drugs, chemicals, hormones, viruses
43
**FETAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT** -The effects of teratogens depends on what? -When do they have the greatest effect?
-timing of exposure in pregnancy -during the embryonic period --> 15-60 days
44
**PLACENTA** -What week is this complete by?
Week 12 --> it develops alongside the baby
45
**PLACENTA** -What 4 hormones does this produce?
1. Human chorionic gonodotropin (hCG) 2. Human chorionic somatommamotropin (hCS) 3. Progesterone 4. Estriol (type of estrogen)
46
**PLACENTA** -What are the 4 metabolic functions of the placenta?
1. Respiration 2. Nutrition 3. Excretion 4. Storage
47
**PLACENTA** -Circulatory effects on placenta function are dependent on what?
Maternal BP
48
**PLACENTA** -What does progesterone do?
Facilitates implacntation & decreases uterine contractility
49
**PLACENTA** -What does estrogen stimulate?
Enlargement of breasts & uterus
50
**PLACENTA** -What does hCG do?
Stimulates corpus luteum so it continues to secrete estrogen & progesterone until the placenta is mature enough to do so
51
**PLACENTA** -What does hPL do?
Promotes fetal growth, regulates glucose, & stimulates breast develpment for lactation
52
**FETAL CIRCULATION** -What is the foramen ovale? -How long does closure take?
-Opening between RA & LA -Around 3 months, which is why we are able to hear a murmur at birth (it's not fully closed)
53
**FETAL CIRCULATION** -What is ductus arteriosus?
-It connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to bypass the lungs
54
**FETAL CIRCULATION** -What is ductus venous?
It connects the umbilical vein to the IVC to bypass the liver
55
**INTERVILLOUS SPACE** -What is this?
-A semipermeable membrane to allow exchange for O2 & waste materials
56
**UMBILICAL CORD** -What is the average cord length?
32 cm
57
**UMBILICAL CORD** -After clamping the cord, how long does it take the cord stump to fall off?
Within 2 weeks
58
**UMBILICAL CORD** -What should you monitor for?
S/S of infection
59
**UMBILICAL CORD** -How should it be maintained?
Dry & warm --> no powders, no creams
OB EXAM 2
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