Chapter 17 - macOS and Linux Operating Systems

Question 1

On which kernel is macOS based on?

Answer 1

A UNIX-based operating system foundation (Darwin/BSD).

Question 2

What is the name of the macOS user interface?

Answer 2

Aqua.

Question 3

What macOS feature holds app shortcuts at the bottom of the screen?

Answer 3

The Dock.

Question 4

What macOS utility is used to browse and manage files and apps?

Answer 4

Finder.

Question 5

What is the bar at the top of macOS that shows the active app’s menus?

Answer 5

The menu bar.

Question 6

What feature provides system-wide search in macOS?

Answer 6

Spotlight.

Question 7

What online service syncs data across Apple devices?

Answer 7

iCloud.

Question 8

What account is required to use iCloud and many macOS features?

Answer 8

An Apple ID.

Question 9

Which key is the primary modifier for macOS shortcuts?

Answer 9

Command (⌘).

Question 10

What is the built-in macOS backup utility?

Answer 10

Time Machine.

Question 11

What is required to set up Time Machine?

Answer 11

An external storage drive (or supported network volume).

Question 12

What macOS feature manages all windows and virtual desktops?

Answer 12

Mission Control.

Question 13

How can you invoke Mission Control?

Answer 13

Press F3, click its icon, or swipe up with three/four fingers on a trackpad.

Question 14

In ‘ls -l’, what do the first 10 characters (e.g., -rw-rw-r–) show?

Answer 14

File type and permissions for owner, group, and others.

Question 15

What three permission types exist in UNIX-like systems?

Answer 15

Read (r), write (w), and execute (x).

Question 16

What command changes permissions in macOS/Linux?

Answer 16

chmod.

Question 17

Which chmod syntax adds write permission for others?

Answer 17

o+w.

Question 18

Who released the Linux kernel and when?

Answer 18

Linus Torvalds in 1991.

Question 19

How is Linux licensed/described?

Answer 19

Free and open-source.

Question 20

What are Ubuntu, Debian, and Fedora examples of?

Answer 20

Linux distributions (‘distros’).

Question 21

What is the GUI layer called in Linux (e.g., GNOME/KDE)?

Answer 21

The desktop environment.

Question 22

What is Ubuntu’s default desktop environment?

Answer 22

GNOME.

Question 23

What is the vertical bar of app shortcuts on older Ubuntu (Unity) called?

Answer 23

The Launcher.

Question 24

In Ubuntu’s universal search, what are ‘lenses’?

Answer 24

Subcategories in results (Unity-era feature).

Question 25

What key filename rule differs between Windows and Linux CLIs?

Answer 25

Linux is case-sensitive; Windows CMD is not.

Question 26

What is the single starting point for all paths on UNIX-like systems?

Answer 26

The root directory (/).

Question 27

How is the directory layout commonly described?

Answer 27

A tree structure.

Question 28

What command lists directory contents?

Answer 28

ls.

Question 29

What command changes the current directory?

Answer 29

cd.

Question 30

What command shows the full path of the current directory?

Answer 30

pwd (print working directory).

Question 31

What command creates a new directory?

Answer 31

mkdir.

Question 32

What command removes files or directories?

Answer 32

rm (use rm -r for directories).

Question 33

What command copies files or directories?

Answer 33

cp (use -r for directories).

Question 34

What command moves or renames files/directories?

Answer 34

mv.

Question 35

What command prints a file’s contents to the terminal?

Answer 35

cat.

Question 36

What tool searches for text patterns in files?

Answer 36

grep.

Question 37

What is 'vi' (or 'vim')?

Answer 37

A powerful command-line text editor.

Question 38

What command lists running processes?

Answer 38

ps (e.g., ps aux).

Question 39

What command terminates a process by PID or signal?

Answer 39

kill (e.g., kill -9 PID).

Question 40

What command shows/sets network interface info (legacy)?

Answer 40

ifconfig (wired).

Question 41

What command shows/sets wireless interface info (legacy)?

Answer 41

iwconfig (wireless).

Question 42

What command tests reachability to a host?

Answer 42

ping.

Question 43

What command installs/updates packages on Debian/Ubuntu?

Answer 43

apt-get (or apt).

Question 44

What command runs a command with elevated (root) privileges?

Answer 44

sudo.

Question 45

What command changes file/directory ownership?

Answer 45

chown.

Question 46

How do you reveal a hidden Dock?

Answer 46

Move the pointer to the Dock’s screen edge to unhide it.

Question 47

What does 'ls -l' output include?

Answer 47

Permissions, owner, group, size, modified time, and name.

Question 48

If permissions are 'rwxr-x--x', what can the group do?

Answer 48

Read and execute (no write).

Question 49

What is the core characteristic of open-source software?

Answer 49

Source code is available to use, modify, and distribute.

Question 50

What does POSIX compliance indicate?

Answer 50

Adherence to UNIX-like standards for compatibility.

Question 51

In Ubuntu’s Launcher, what does 'Show Apps' do?

Answer 51

Displays all installed applications.

Question 52

What does 'cd ..' represent?

Answer 52

Change to the parent directory (one level up).

Question 53

How do you create 'Documents/Reports' from your home in one command?

Answer 53

mkdir Documents/Reports.

Question 54

What permission must be set to run a script?

Answer 54

Execute (x).

Question 55

How are Linux servers typically accessed in enterprises?

Answer 55

Via the command line (often without a GUI).

Question 56

What account/privilege is needed for system-wide changes on Linux?

Answer 56

Root (superuser) or sudo privileges.

Question 57

In chmod symbolic notation, what does 'u' stand for?

Answer 57

User (owner).

Question 58

In chmod symbolic notation, what does 'g' stand for?

Answer 58

Group.

Question 59

In chmod symbolic notation, what does 'o' stand for?

Answer 59

Others (everyone else).

Question 60

What chmod numeric mode gives rwxr-xr-x?

Answer 60

755

Question 61

What chmod numeric mode gives rw-r--r--?

Answer 61

644

Question 62

How do you make a script executable?

Answer 62

chmod +x script.sh.

Question 63

What command shows hidden entries along with details?

Answer 63

ls -la.

Question 64

What command creates an empty file or updates its timestamp?

Answer 64

touch.

Question 65

What commands page through text one screen at a time?

Answer 65

less (or more).

Question 66

What commands show beginning or end of files?

Answer 66

head and tail.

Question 67

What commands show disk and directory usage?

Answer 67

df (disk free) and du (disk usage).

Question 68

What live process monitors are common on Linux?

Answer 68

top (or htop).

Question 69

What command connects to a remote shell securely?

Answer 69

ssh user@host.

Question 70

What command copies files over SSH?

Answer 70

scp (or rsync over SSH).

Question 71

What file stores user privilege rules for sudo?

Answer 71

/etc/sudoers (edit via visudo).

Question 72

What command changes a file’s group?

Answer 72

chgrp.

Question 73

What command sets default permission masks for new files?

Answer 73

umask.

Question 74

What command creates symlinks and hard links?

Answer 74

ln (-s for symlink).

Question 75

What is the macOS disk encryption feature called?

Answer 75

FileVault.

Question 76

What macOS feature restricts untrusted apps from running?

Answer 76

Gatekeeper.

Question 77

What macOS tool is similar to Task Manager?

Answer 77

Activity Monitor.

Question 78

What app provides a command shell on macOS?

Answer 78

Terminal.

Question 79

What popular macOS package manager installs CLI tools easily?

Answer 79

Homebrew (brew).

Question 80

What macOS file system is used on modern Macs?

Answer 80

APFS (Apple File System).

Question 81

What macOS feature quickly launches apps or files by name?

Answer 81

Spotlight (Cmd+Space).

Question 82

What macOS dialog forces unresponsive apps to quit?

Answer 82

Force Quit (Option+Cmd+Esc).

Question 83

What Linux command shows IP routing and link status (modern)?

Answer 83

ip (e.g., ip addr, ip route).

Question 84

What apt commands refresh and upgrade packages?

Answer 84

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade.

Question 85

What apt command installs a package?

Answer 85

sudo apt install packagename.

Question 86

What command shows kernel and system info?

Answer 86

uname -a.

Question 87

What command prints your effective user identity?

Answer 87

whoami.

Question 88

What file lists mounted filesystems?

Answer 88

/etc/fstab.

Question 89

What command reads system logs on systemd distros?

Answer 89

journalctl.

Question 90

What command manages services on systemd distros?

Answer 90

systemctl (start/stop/enable/status).

Question 91

What command displays environment variables?

Answer 91

printenv (or env).

Question 92

What command sets an environment variable for a session?

Answer 92

export VAR=value (bash).

Question 93

What is the root user’s home directory?

Answer 93

/root.

Question 94

What does '~' represent in paths?

Answer 94

The current user’s home directory.

Question 95

What is the path separator in UNIX-like systems?

Answer 95

A forward slash (/).

Question 96

What indicates an executable file in 'ls --color' output?

Answer 96

Typically shown in green (varies by theme).

Question 97

What does a leading 'd' in 'ls -l' permissions mean?

Answer 97

The entry is a directory.

Question 98

What does a leading 'l' in 'ls -l' permissions mean?

Answer 98

The entry is a symbolic link.

Question 99

What does 'sudo !!' do in bash?

Answer 99

Re-runs the previous command with sudo.

Question 100

What does 'grep -r' do?

Answer 100

Recursively searches files in subdirectories.

Question 101

What does 'tar -czf archive.tgz folder' do?

Answer 101

Creates a compressed tarball of 'folder' using gzip.

Question 102

What macOS setting panel manages accounts, security, and updates?

Answer 102

System Settings (formerly System Preferences).

Question 103

What is the default superuser name on UNIX-like systems?

Answer 103

root.

Question 104

What command elevates to a root shell (if allowed)?

Answer 104

sudo -i (or su on some systems).

Question 105

What command prints effective groups for the current user?

Answer 105

groups.

Question 106

What command shows file type information?

Answer 106

file filename.

Question 107

What command tests DNS resolution on Linux/macOS?

Answer 107

dig or nslookup.

Question 108

What command shows open ports and connections on Linux/macOS?

Answer 108

ss (or netstat on older systems).

Question 109

What command downloads files via HTTP/S from the CLI?

Answer 109

curl (or wget).

Question 110

What command finds files by name from a path?

Answer 110

find /path -name 'pattern'.

Question 111

What command updates file permissions recursively?

Answer 111

chmod -R …

Question 112

What command changes ownership recursively?

Answer 112

chown -R user:group path.

Question 113

What command uses elevated privileges to edit protected system files safely?

Answer 113

sudoedit (preferred over sudo nano/vi).

Question 114

What does 'sudo visudo' do?

Answer 114

Safely edits /etc/sudoers with syntax checking.