Chapter 2 (Issues in Development)

Question 1

what is psychological assesment

Answer 1

collection and integration of data of a person to make a diagnosis

Question 2

what can you do with developmental psychology

Answer 2

practicing at health care or schools
researching in applied or theoretical
business in learning programmes and aiding development, also toys

Question 3

What are internal factors in development

Answer 3

genes and stuff

Question 4

What are external factors in development

Answer 4

Enviroment and stuff

Question 5

whata is a theory

Answer 5

its a coherent set of ideas, hypotheses and explanation

Question 6

What 7 aspects should a theory cover

Answer 6

descriptive
explanatory
predicitve
makes assumptions
reduction of reality
generalizable
testable

Question 7

When will a theory be replaced

Answer 7

a) when it is falsified on the basis of observations

b) or a new theory explains the observations better

Question 8

how do we test a theory

Answer 8

with the empirical cycle (observation, induction, deduction, teseting, evaltaion)

Question 9

What aspects should a good develomental theory cover

Answer 9

1. it related to development
2. it focuses on change over time
3. it explaions the emergence of new properties
4. it is (preferably) pedagogically useful

Question 10

What are the 3 dimentsions in developmetnal theories

Answer 10

1. nature/nuture (learning)
2. continuos/stages (developing)
3. passive/active (learning)

Question 11

Explain the 3 scales in nature/nuture dimension

Answer 11

1. Nature (knowledge is innate and only gets expressed more and more)
2. Middle (both internal and external factors shape development)
3. Nurture (only learning mechanisms are innate, the rest is determined by enviroment)

Question 12

Explain the 3 scales in the continous/stages dimension

Answer 12

1. Continuous (gradual, children are not qualitatively different, they just lack experience)
2. Middle (Development is gradual, but some things temporarely dominate which leads to stages)
3. Stages (development occurs in transitions, children are different from adults)

Question 13

Explain the 3 scales in the passive/active dimension

Answer 13

1. Passive (development is automatic)
2. Middle (some are automatic, others require active role of child)
3. Active (Child plays active role in development, it constructs its own knowledge)

Question 14

what is the matural theory of gesell

Answer 14

• it is directed at motor developement
• it says that there are the same independent - developments happening regardless of enviromental input
• the maturation of the CNS determines development
• its dimensions are nature, stages and passive

Question 15

What is proxidistal trend

Answer 15

development happens from the centre of the body to more periphery

Question 16

what is cehalocaudal trend

Answer 16

development happenes from head to body

Question 17

what is criticism for the maturation gesell

Answer 17

• enviroment can shape motor development (practice) (McGraw)
• also not all children follow the same pattern
• differnece in cultures

Question 18

explain the dynamic systems theory

Answer 18

• development is a complex interaction between properties of the system and enviroment
• motor development is shaped by
  1. CNS
  2. Motor skills
  3. Enviroment
• acting in a certain way influences physical properties and also enviroment which then again influences action
• the dimensions here are both nature and nuture, both constinuous and stages and very active

Question 19

What are the milestones on psychological assesments

Answer 19

1. Chinese tests fitness for working for the emporer (2200 bc)
2. Galls phrenology and physiognomy (18th century)
3. Wundt and others use “brass instruments” to test intelligence (19th century)
4. First IQ and personality test (20th century)

Question 20

fundamental attirbution bias

Answer 20

overestimate personality when own positive development, overestimate situation when not
overestimate personality when others positive development, overestimate situation when not

Question 21

confirmation bias

Answer 21

Only searching and finding information that is consistent with current belief

Question 22

Salience effect

Answer 22

Giving more weight to striking information than non striking information when drawing conclusions

Question 23

illusory confirmation

Answer 23

when a researcher sees links between tests and own conclusion even tho there is no empirical one

Question 24

blind spot bias

Answer 24

seeing yourself as not biased even though you are

solution is being aware of this

Question 25

contrast error

Answer 25

general tendency to judge others in opposite from the way one percieves themselves

Question 26

What are the most important names in developmental psychology

Answer 26

``` gall wundt galton cattell binet, simon spearman, Thurstone Rorschach ```

Question 27

What was the state of developmental psychology before Piaget

Answer 27

There were behaviourism and psychoanalysis, which both thought of a child as a very passive participant. It just recieves and learns from things that are brought to them (eg by conditioning)

Question 28

What did Piaget say

Answer 28

Children are active agents in development, who are more intrinsically than extrinsically motivated

Question 29

What is accomodation and assimilation according to Piaget

Answer 29

When we can categorize experience into schemas and thereby adapting assimilation is adding to schemas accommodation is modifying schemas they are functional invariants

Question 30

What are the 4 stages of Piaget

Answer 30

1. ) sensorimotor stage (2 years): thought is based on perception and action# 2. ) preoperational stage (7 years): able to solve problems but unable to coordinate aspects of problems into solutions (also egocentrism and animism)# 3. ) concrete operations stage (11 years): more logical, systematic and rational 4. ) formal operations stage: abstract thinking

Question 31

explain the development of information processing

Answer 31

children process information in bottom up style as infants, and develop more top bottom ways later through experience

Question 32

How is the information processing aproach different and similar to piagets view

Answer 32

Both say that new strategies develop on simpler earlier ones and view the child as active participant ipa sees development in a more continous fashion

Question 33

What did Vygotsky say with social cognitive development

Answer 33

That the relationship between children and a more advanced adult is very important

Question 34

What is the zone of proximal development

Answer 34

it is the distnace between tasks a child cannot do alone but with an adult (vygotsky)

Question 35

What is the law of effectq

Answer 35

the likelyhood of an action occuring more or less based on the outcome

Question 36

what was the early behaviourists view on child development

Answer 36

a child is born with all of the mechanisms for conditioning, it is more passive and its development is caused by constant conditioning through conditioning

Question 37

What is the social cognitive thoery

Answer 37

that humans can develop themselves cognitively by putting more weight on social factors like life quality

Question 38

What are ethological approaches

Answer 38

they emphasize the use of beahviours in evolution like imprinting

Question 39

What is a precocial species and how does the mechanism behind it work

Answer 39

its a species that has imprinting, so they follow the first object they see after birth this can only happen in the critical period

Question 40

when can a beaviour be said to be caused by genes

Answer 40

when it promotes survival and is found in many species --> it also requires an external stimulus or target to develop inside the critical period

Question 41

what is the attachment theory

Answer 41

it says that the need for attachment is a basic drive in animals and humans monotropy means that the child only has one person with attachment to (eventho they can also have multiple attachment)

Question 42

explain freuds how his psychoanalytic theory works in children

Answer 42

- the id (urges) exists after birth | - the ego and the superego come in more and more

Question 43

what are the 5 spysexual stages of Psychoanalysis

Answer 43

1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic stage 4. Electra complex 5. Latency and genital stage

Question 44

What are the problems and good things of freuds theory

Answer 44

Bad is that you cannot test unconscious processes, especially in children Still, the fact that early childhood is very imporant for development and that we are driven by unconscious needs is still respected

Question 45

What are the things of maslows hierachy of needs

Answer 45

1. Physiological needs 2. Safety 3. Love 4. Esteem 5. self-actualization

Question 46

What does the humanistic theory think

Answer 46

Humans are own individuals with subjective experiences and needs A lot of value is put on free will and self actualisation We are also more driven by outside motivation, not by unconscious processes

Question 47

What are issues in child development reserach

Answer 47

1. Is development result of individual genes or more experience? (nature nuture) 2. Is the rank and esteem of an individual stable 3. Is development continuous?