Chapter 21 (Atypical Development)

Question 1

What are the 4 things that should be existing in a child for a typical environment

Answer 1

1. Absence of disorder
2. Statistical fact (within 2 sd)
3. Desired situation
4. Successful adaption
   If these things are not there then it is a atypical development

Question 2

What are the 4 biggest advances in atypical development research

Answer 2

1. Knowledge about prenatal development
2. Knowledge about genetics
3. Brain imaging
4. Eye tracking

Question 3

Why is the prevalence of autism increasing

Answer 3

1. more knowledge about autism (siblings, friends)
2. different diagostic tools
3. early indentification
4. assortative mating

Question 4

What is special about autism and other mental illnesses

Answer 4

more than 70 % of autism spectrum disorders also mee the criteria for

• anxiety
• adhd
• depression
• oppositional defiant disorder

Question 5

What is special about adhd and other mental illnesses

Answer 5

more than 70 % of adhd spectrum disorders also mee the criteria for

• Learning disorder
• anxiety disorder

Question 6

What are things that can increase the development for autism

Answer 6

Exposure to a number of drugs and medicins, but also vitamin D and folic acid deficiency

Question 7

What are things that can increase the development for adhd

Answer 7

1. Stress during pregnancy

2. Cigarettes and alcohol

Question 8

what does it mean that autism is a polygenetic disorder

Answer 8

there are about 800 genes associated with autism

Question 9

what did researcher recently found out about autism

Answer 9

it is a more broader somatic disorder with also sleep disorder

Question 10

is the heritability of adhd high or low

Answer 10

it has a 74% heritability chance which is ver yhigh

Question 11

What is special with children with adhd and the stop signal task

Answer 11

they perform worse, as they have less inhibitory working memory

Question 12

What is special about the hypothesis with adhd and eye tracking takss

Answer 12

only the patients with language impairment spend less time looking at the eyes of characters

Question 13

what areas and tests do children with autism perform worse on

Answer 13

1. exective functioning tasks

2. central coherence

Question 14

What are the three theories for explaining autism

Answer 14

1. theory of mind (not understanding that others have thoughts and beliefs)
2. executive functioning (deficit in executive functioning)
3. central coherence (not being able to see context)
   - ->

Question 15

What are the main explanations for ADHD

Answer 15

1. deficit in inhibitory control (cant stop doing things)
2. multiple developmental pathways in adhd (other clinical features)
3. dual pathway hypothesis (low cognitive and affective executive function)

Question 16

What are interventions for Autism

Answer 16

there is no evidence based pharmalogical intervention
- cognitive behavioural therapy
- social skills training
- modeling
-

Question 17

What are interventions for ADHD

Answer 17

ritalin is a good pharmalogical evidence based intervention

• free fatty acid supplementation
• artificial food colour exclusion
• cognitive training

Question 18

What does it mean that autism is heterogeneous

Answer 18

it can be caused by different abnormalities in genes

Question 19

What is the difference between delayed and different child development

Answer 19

delayed means that the development is normal but later

different mean that it is qualitatively different from normal

Question 20

What are 3 ways to study the delay and difference in a child

Answer 20

1. Achievements in time frame
2. Performance compared to other children
3. performance compared to chronological age
   - -> false belief tasks are often used

Question 21

What are the 3 developments that impacted the understanding of atypical development

Answer 21

1. Human genome project (Genes are more complicated than we thought, cause there are nor that many)
2. brain imaging
3. eye tracking

Question 22

What is amniocentesis

Answer 22

A medical procedure where amniotic fluid with foetal tissies is examind for genetic abnormalities

Question 23

What is the difference in normal brain activity and a patient with adhd

Answer 23

THe adhd patient has more activity in the frontal cortex

Question 24

What is the Williams Syndrome

Answer 24

A extremely rare cognition
- congition is atypical (low IQ except verbal and socially)
There is difference between Williams syndrome and Specific language impairment, as people with WS have more difficulties communicating in socially apropiate ways (pragmatics)

Question 25

What is autism

Answer 25

``` 1% in population - social impairment - communication weak - repetitive behavviour - narrow set of interests - atypical eye contact Asperger and pervasive developmental disorder are also types of it ```

Question 26

what is adhd

Answer 26

``` develop in lifespan - excessively hyperactive - impulsive - inattentive often coocur with other disorders (conduct disorder) ```

Question 27

Should children with visual impairment be considered as disordered?

Answer 27

characteristically they are different, however - sometimes caused by genetiv abnormalities - atypical sensation and experience - often show autistic symptoms - poor communication development

Question 28

What is the bronfenbrenners ecological model and its 5 systems

Answer 28

it takes into account that some disorders are cause not only by genes but also by the enviromental input 1. microsystem (close relationships) 2. Mesosystem (connections between microsystems) 3. Exosystem (enviroment like place of living or media) 4. Macrosystem (culture) 5. Chronosystem (sociocultural events)