Chapter 9 (Cognitive Development)

Question 1

what is egocentric thinking

Answer 1

the difficulty that children havr in seeing things from others points of view (empathy)

Question 2

what is transitive inference

Answer 2

seeing that premises can induce logical followings (A>B; B>C –> A>C)

Question 3

What is class inclusion

Answer 3

being able to seperate and categorize things into classes

Question 4

Why is piaget often labeled as a constructivist

Answer 4

he stated that we construct new knowledge based on what we already know and construct this onto that

Question 5

what are schemes and how does piaget explain them

Answer 5

schemes are the most basic unit of understanding.

With them we can organise and learn the basics of actions and mental representation

Question 6

what are the three basic schemes that are born in children

Answer 6

1. sucking
2. looking
3. grasping

Question 7

What are the two innate processes with which children modify their schemes

Answer 7

1. Organisation (grouping observations into knowledge)

2. Adaption (Assimilation (into existing knowldge) and Accomondation (adjusting and making new))

Question 8

give examples on how a child uses assimilation and accomondation

Answer 8

assim: learning a new breed of dogs
accom: cats are not dogs

Question 9

Explain piagets describtion on equilibration progress

Answer 9

• We are constantly motivated to achieve a state where adapt new things into schemes and achieve a state where there is no conflict between them(equilibrium)
• this not always works, so at some point our brain needs a big reorganisation of schemes which results in a shift in stages

Question 10

what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 10

1. reflexive schemes substage (1 month)
2. Primary circular reactions (4 months)
3. Secondary circular reactions (10 months)
4. Coordination if secondary schemes (12 months)
5. Teriary circular reactions (18 months)
6. Beginning of thought (24 months)

Question 11

explain the first substage of the sensori motor stage

Answer 11

1. reflexive schemes substage (1 month): Use reflexes to survive and explore

Question 12

explain the secondsubstage of the sensori motor stage

Answer 12

2. Primary circular reactions (4 months): starting to coordinate motor behaviour

Question 13

explain the third substage of the sensori motor stage

Answer 13

3. Secondary circular reactions (10 months): starting awareness of external world (reaching and grasping)

Question 14

explain the fourth substage of the sensori motor stage

Answer 14

4. Coordination if secondary schemes (12 months): start goal directed behaviour by combination of behaviour + object permanence

Question 15

explain the fifth substage of the sensori motor stage

Answer 15

5. Teriary circular reactions (18 months): start walking and understanding of causal relations between events

Question 16

explain the sixth substage of the sensori motor stage

Answer 16

6. Beginning of thought (24 months): forming mental representation, imitation and pretend play

Question 17

What are the two stages of preoperational stage

Answer 17

1. Symbolic function substage (2-4 years)

2. intuitive thought substage (4-7 years)

Question 18

Explain the firs stage of the preoperational stage

Answer 18

1. Symbolic function substage (2-4 years):
   - ability to mentally represent an object even if it is not present
   - understanding and usage of symbols
   - egocentrism
   - animism

Question 19

What is the second stage of preoperational stage

Answer 19

2. Intuitive thought substage (4-7 years):
   - Begin to classify, order and quantify more systematically
   - transitive inference (inference of premisises)
   - Conservation tasks
   - appearance reality distinction (looks can be different from reality)

Question 20

Whats a seriation task

Answer 20

when you ask a person to order soemthing, for example sticks by lenght

Question 21

what are the 3 things that children have to be able to to conserve

Answer 21

1. centration (focus on one attribute)
2. Reversability (imagine steps in both directions of time)
3. Focusing on the end state

Question 22

what is horizontal and vertical decalage

Answer 22

horizontal: child succeeds in only a specific thing of task (conservation task with numbers but not with liquid)
vertical: succeding at a task that is actually in another stage

Question 23

Explain the concrete operations stage

Answer 23

It is the third and last big stage in child development (7-11 years)

• thought it more logical and flexible
• it is still a lot easier for them to reason in concrete situations and if the objects are actually present

Question 24

what are the 3 problems in piaget theory

Answer 24

1. Age often missjudged
2. culture and schooling can make difference
3. there can be vertical decalage (abilities outside stage)

Question 25

What are the 4 stages of Cases neo-piagetian theory

Answer 25

1. Sensory motor stage 2. Interrelational stage 3. Dimensional stage 4. Vectorial stage Difference to piaget is that Case looked more at information processing

Question 26

Explain sieglers overlapping wave theory

Answer 26

Here the stages are more overlapping | It also states that a child may think about a task in many different strategies instead of one --> overlapping

Question 27

Explain vygotskys sociocultural perspective

Answer 27

- A child is an active seeker of knowledge - language is most imporant tool in cognitive development (first children talk to themselves to solve tasks, this later becomes internal as thoughts)

Question 28

What is vygoskys zone of proximal development

Answer 28

there is the lower level (tasks which the child can do) and the upper level (what the child cannot do yet) the zone of proximal development is everything in between (with aided help or training)

Question 29

What are the 5 categories of core knowledge in the core knowledge theory

Answer 29

1. Objects and motions 2. Creatures and actions 3. Numbers and arithemic 4. Places and navigation 5. Geometric forms This theory basically says that more knowledge is internal (nature), and that these categories have different modules