CHAPTER 22: Descent with Modification

Question 1

what causes similarities and differences among earth’s many different species?

Answer 1

species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over many generations

Question 2

what does descent mean ?

Answer 2

shared ancestry, resulting in shared characteristics

Question 2

what does modification mean?

Answer 2

accumulation of differences

Question 3

what has descent with modification given rise to ?

Answer 3

the diversity of life

Question 4

what are the 3 characteristics mantises illustrate about life?

Answer 4

1. organisms are adapted for life in their biotic and abiotic environments
2. many shared characters (unity) of life
3. diversity of life

Question 5

what is evolution?

Answer 5

process where species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

Question 6

what are the 2 ways evolutions an be viewed?

Answer 6

patter and process

Question 6

how is the evolution pattern seen ?

Answer 6

they’re seen thru scientific data

Question 7

how is the evolution process viewed ?

Answer 7

as a mechanisms that causes a pattern of change

Question 8

who is Aristotle ? What two things did he do ?

Answer 8

he was a greek philosopher
1. believed species were a fixed, unchanging
2. he created a scale of where species were arranged by increasing complexity (scala naturae)

Question 9

What 2 things did Linnaeus develop that is still used today ?

Answer 9

1. a nested classification system grouping similar species into increasingly inclusive categories
2. made the word Homo sapiens

Question 10

Who is Cuvier ? what 2 things did he observe in his studies ?

Answer 10

a paleontologist
1. observed that older strata contain fossils less similar to current organisms than more recent strata
2. from layer to layer, new species appear while others disappear

Question 11

What did Cuvier think the boundaries between strata meant ?

Answer 11

he believed it represented sudden catastrophic events

Question 11

Who was Hutton ? What was Hutton’s theory about Earth?

Answer 11

He believed that Earth’s geological features were formed gradually
eg. valleys being formed by rivers

Question 12

What was Lyell’s theory about Earth?

Answer 12

that the same geological processes operate today as in the past, at the same rate

Question 13

What were the two principles Lamarck proposed that explained evolutionary change?

Answer 13

Use and disuse and Inheritance of acquired?

Question 14

Explain the use and disuse theory

Answer 14

that body parts used extensively become larger and stronger, unused parts deteriorate

Question 15

what was the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory ?

Answer 15

modifications acquired in one’s lifetime can be passed to offspring

Question 16

After Dawrin’s long voyage of Beagles, what did he conclude ?

Answer 16

that all species descended from a common ancestor (descent with modification)

Question 17

What formed the diverse group of Galapagos flinches ?

Answer 17

that new species could arise from ancestral forms through gradual accumulation of adaptations

Question 18

what is natural selection?

Answer 18

where INDIVIDUALS inherit advantageous traits for greater survival ship and greater reproduction

Question 19

what 3 broad observations about descent with modification did natural selection help explain ?

Answer 19

1. unity of life
2. diversity of life
3. the ways organisms are made to suit their environment

Question 20

what is artificial selection ?

Answer 20

breeding individuals with desired traits, modifying them

Question 21

what are adaptations ?

Answer 21

advantageous trait for survivors hip and reproduction

Question 22

What were the two observations Darwin made ?

Answer 22

1. Members of a population vary in their inherited traits 2. All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

Question 23

Based off Darwin's 2 observations, what did he infer about them?

Answer 23

1. Individuals with inherited traits increase survival and reproduction in an environment led to produce more offspring than others 2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

Question 24

what does natural selection increase ?

Answer 24

frequency of adaptations that are favorable in an environment

Question 25

what are 3 key features of natural selection ?

Answer 25

1. if the environment changes, ns could give rise to a new species 2. can only increase/decrease heritable traits in a population 3. favorable traits vary with environment

Question 26

what are the 4 types of data that document the pattern of evolution ?

Answer 26

1. direct observations 2. homology 3. the fossil record 4. biogeography

Question 27

What are 2 examples biologists have documented evolutionary change ?

Answer 27

1. natural selection in response to introduced species 2. evolution of drug-resistant bacteria

Question 28

natural selection occur faster in what type of species ?

Answer 28

can occur rapidly in species with short generation times

Question 29

what is homology ?

Answer 29

evidently of evolution, means the similarity of common ancestry. related species can have characteristics that have an underlying similarity yet function differently

Question 30

what are homologous structures ?

Answer 30

anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

Question 31

what are vestigial structures ?

Answer 31

remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors

Question 32

what do molecular homologies include ?

Answer 32

a genetic code that is shared by all life and specific genes that are shared between vastly different organisms

Question 32

what are evolutionary trees?

Answer 32

diagrams that relflect hypotheses about relationship among groups they show relative timing of events, not actual dates

Question 33

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 33

evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

Question 34

what are analogous traits ?

Answer 34

traits that arise thru independent adaptations to similar environments

Question 34

what 3 things do fossil record provide evidence to ?

Answer 34

1. extinction of species 2. origin of new groups 3. charges within groups over time

Question 35

what does fossil evidence show ?

Answer 35

that living cetaceans and even-toed ungulates are more different from each other than were earlier members of these groups

Question 36

what is biogeography ?

Answer 36

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides support of evolution.