CHAPTER 28: Protists

Question 1

what are protists?

Answer 1

eukaryotes that aren’t plants, animals or fungi

Question 2

what is endosymbiosis?

Answer 2

relationship where 1 organism lives in cell or cell the host

Question 3

what occurs during secondary endosymbiosis?

Answer 3

where the cell eats another that has gone under endosymbiosis

Question 4

what are the 4 groups under protists?

Answer 4

excavata, sar, archaeplastida, and unikota.

Question 5

what are the three clades under excavata?

Answer 5

parabasalids, diplomonads, and euglenozoans.

Question 6

what is the name of diplomonaids reduced mitochondria?

Answer 6

mitosomes

Question 7

what is the name of parabasalids reduced mitochondria?

Answer 7

hydrogenosomes

Question 8

what do parabasalids do?

Answer 8

they generate some energy anaerobically. hydrogen gas is released as a by product

Question 9

what is unique about euglenoza?

Answer 9

they have a spiral or crystalline rod inside each flagella

Question 10

what are euglenids ?

Answer 10

1 or 2 flagella that emerge from pocket at one end of the cell.

Question 11

what are the three clades that make up SAR ?

Answer 11

stramenopiles, alevolates, rhizards.

Question 12

what are characteristics of stramenopiles?

Answer 12

they have hairy and smooth flagellum

Question 13

what are three types of stramenopiles?

Answer 13

diatoms, oomycetes, and brown algae.

Question 14

what are diatoms ?

Answer 14

they’re unicellular with 2 part walls that are like glass. their photosynthetic activity affects global CO2 levels

Question 15

what are characteristics of brown algae?

Answer 15

its the largest/most complex muticellular algae. they lack true tissues and organs found in plants.

Question 15

what are the three parts of brown algae?

Answer 15

holdfast, stipe, and blades

Question 16

what is a heteromorphic organism?

Answer 16

they have structurally different gametophytes and sporophytes.

Question 17

what is a isomorphic organism?

Answer 17

they have similarly structured gametophytes and sporophytes.

Question 18

what are oomycetes?

Answer 18

they consist of water molds, white rusts, and downy mild dews.

Question 19

what makes oomycetes different from fungi?

Answer 19

their cell wall is made of cellulose

Question 19

how do oomycetes get their nutrients ?

Answer 19

through parasitism or decomposition

Question 20

what are alevolates?

Answer 20

they have alveoli under plasma membranes

Question 20

what are the three clades under alevolates?

Answer 20

dinoflagellates, apicomlexans, and ciliates.

Question 21

what are dinoflagellates?

Answer 21

they’re components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton

Question 22

what are some physical conditions dinoflagellates have?

Answer 22

they have 2 flagella grooves of armor. the spiral flagella causes the dinoflagellates to spin as they move.

Question 23

what are apicomplexans?

Answer 23

they are animal parasites

Question 23

what are sporozoites?

Answer 23

they are how the apicocomplexans spread through the host

Question 24

what are apex's?

Answer 24

they are cell ends that have complex or organelles that penetrates host cell/tissues.

Question 24

what are ciliates?

Answer 24

they're named after cilia that moves to feed on bacteria or other protists.

Question 24

what are the two types of ciliates?

Answer 24

large micronuclei and tiny micronuclei

Question 25

what is large marconuclei?

Answer 25

multiple copies of a genome

Question 26

what is tiny micronuclei?

Answer 26

they are either diploid or haploid

Question 27

what is conjugation?

Answer 27

produces genetic variation without reproduction through exchange of micronuclei

Question 28

what are rhizarians?

Answer 28

they are mostly amoebas

Question 29

what are the three clades under rhizarians?

Answer 29

radiolarians, formas, and cercozoans.

Question 30

what are radiolarians?

Answer 30

they are delicate, symmetrical internal skeleton made of silica

Question 31

what are forams?

Answer 31

they're named for their porous calcium carbonate shells called tests.

Question 31

what are cercozoans?

Answer 31

they feed using threadlike pseudopodia, they're mostly heterotrophic parasites or predators

Question 31

what are archaeplastidas?

Answer 31

a supergroup that consists of red algae, green algae, and plants.

Question 31

what are red algae?

Answer 31

they are multicellular and their sexual reproduction and life cycle includes alt of genetics.

Question 32

what is a characteristic that makes red algae?

Answer 32

they have a pigment called phycoerythrin that turns the green chlorophyll red.

Question 33

what is a characteristic that makes green algae?

Answer 33

their green chloroplasts

Question 34

what are green algae?

Answer 34

includes charophytes and chlorophytes, and are similar to plants.

Question 34

what are unikota's

Answer 34

includes animals, fungi and protists

Question 35

how many clades are in unikota

Answer 35

amoebozans (tubuldinds and relatives) and opisthokonts (animals,fungi, and related protists)

Question 36

what are amoebozans?

Answer 36

they have lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia

Question 36

what are tubulinds?

Answer 36

common, unicellular protists in soil, freshwater, and marine environments

Question 36

what are plasmodial slime molds?

Answer 36

brightly colored, forms plasmodium which contains many diploid nuclei forms fruiting body for sexual reproduction

Question 37

what do cellular slime molds do?

Answer 37

they form multicellular aggregates (cells separated by plasma membrane)

Question 37

what are entamoebas?

Answer 37

parasites of all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Question 38

what are opsithokonts?

Answer 38

they include animals, fungi and several protists

Question 39

what are the two key roles protists play?

Answer 39

they could either be symbiont or producers

Question 40

what are symbionts?

Answer 40

they benefit the host or parasites

Question 40

what do producers do?

Answer 40

they use energy from light to convert CO2 to organic compounds.

Question 41

what are unicellular protists?

Answer 41

most complex of all because they carry out all functions of life and have organelles other eukaryotic cells don't

Question 42

what are colonial protists?

Answer 42

live as groups functioning together

Question 43

what are multicellular protists?

Answer 43

have specialized cells together

Question 44

what are autotrophs?

Answer 44

they make their own food via photosynthesis

Question 45

mixotrophs ?

Answer 45

make food using photosynthesis and heterotrophic