A Level Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does water have a high boiling point and a liquid at room temp

A

Due to hydrogens bonding

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2
Q

What is unique about water when it freezes

A

Becomes less dense due to the hydrogen bonding

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3
Q

What is carbohydates made up of

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxugen

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4
Q

What is a simple sugar known as

A

Monosaccharide

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Galaclose

Fructose

Ribose

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6
Q

What happens when two monosaccharides join together

A

Form a disaccharide

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7
Q

What are the 2 type of disaccharides

A

Lactose and Sucrose

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8
Q

What happens when more than two monosaccharides join toghether

A

Form a polysaccharide

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

Celluose

Starch

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10
Q

What is glucose’s structure
2 points

A

A monosaccharide composed of six carbons

A hexose monosaccharide

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11
Q

What makes alpha glucose different to beta glucose

A

The OH on the first carbon is on the bottom of the ring for alpha unlike beta

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12
Q

What bonds is maltose formed from

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosdic bonds

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13
Q

What is sucrose formed from in terms of bonds as well

A

Glucose and Fructose

Alpha 1-4 glycosdic bonds

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14
Q

What is Lactose made from in terms of bonds as well

A

Galactose and Glucose

Beta 1-4 glycosdic bonds

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15
Q

What is a glycosdic bond known as

A

Covelant bond

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16
Q

What is starch made up of

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

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17
Q

What is amylose

3 points

A

Long chain of glucose

Held by hydrogen bonding

Joined by alpha 1-4 glycodic bonds

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18
Q

Why is amylose not as soluble in water

A

It chain as it is more compact

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19
Q

How is amylopectin formed

A

Formed from condensation reactions between 1-4 and 1-6 alpha glycosidc bonds

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20
Q

Why is amyploectin soluble in water

A

Its structure has branches

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21
Q

Why does glycogen have branches

A

To release starch ASAP

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22
Q

What is cellulose

A

Long chains of beta glucose molecules joined by beta 1-4 glycosdic bonds

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23
Q

Why is cellulose strong

A

Hydrogen bonds make fibres which strengthens it

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24
Q

Are lipids soluble in water

A

no

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25
Are lipids soluble in organic solvents
yes
26
Why are lipids not soluble in water
They are non-polar molecules
27
What is a triglyceride made up of
Glycerol 3 fatty acids
28
What does saturated mean
Fatty acids which has NO double bonds present between carbon atoms
29
What does mono-saturated mean
Fatty acids have one double bond present between carbon atoms
30
What odes poly unsaturated mean
Fatty acids have more than one double bond present
31
Why can lipids be oil
Due to the amount of carbon double bonds
32
What is phospholipids made up of
Phosphorus and 2 fatty acids
33
3 Roles of Lipids
Protection around body parts Hormone production Waterproofing
34
What are Nucleic Acids
large molecules that was found in the cells nucleus
35
What are the two types of nucleic acids
DNA RNA
36
What is a nucleotid made up of
Pentose Monosaccharide Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Base
37
what bases are the pyrimidines
T and C
38
what bases are the purines
A and g
39
How many hydrogen bonds does adenine and thymine form
2
40
How many hydrogen bonds does cytosine and guanine form
3
41
what are the two reasons for dna replication
cell division reproduction
42
What is unique about semi conservative replication process
half the molecules is old and half are new
43
Mrna is a....
Nucleic acid
44
What is unique about Mrna 3 points
Single Stranded Contains Uracil instead of thymine Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
45
What makes different amino acids
Different R groups
46
example of a globular protein
insulin
47
features of globular proteins
compact water soluble spherical in shape
48
what are conjugated proteins
globular proteins with a non-protein group
49
what is an example of a conjugated protein
haemogoblin catalase
50
how are fibrous proteins formed
formed from parallel polypeptide chains held toghether by cross links
51
example of fibrous protein
keratin
52
What is the 2 roles of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?
cell recognition signaling
53
What are the three main types of lipids found in cells?
Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids
54
Explain the structure of a triglyceride and how it is formed. 3 points
glycerol molecule and three fatty acids through ester bonds formed by a condensation reaction where water is released.
55
How do the bases in DNA pair up, and what type of bond forms between them?
adenine pairs with thymine (via two hydrogen bonds) cytosine pairs with guanine (via three hydrogen bonds).
56
Name the bond formed between two monosaccharides.
Glysodic bond
57
How is glycogen adapted for its function in animals?
It has a large number of side branches meaning that energy can be released quickly as enzymes can act simultaneously on these branches
58
What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?
a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
59
What is the difference between DNA and RNA? 3 differences
DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose. DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
60
What bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?
hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs
61
What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?
DNA helicase DNA polymerase
62
What is the role of the mRNA
The role of mRNA is to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm
63
Define codon and anticodon.
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that determines the position of amino acids when a cell starts making proteins. An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that binds to a corresponding codon and designates a specific amino acid.
64
How does the structure of tRNA help its function?
ts L-shape and specific nucleotide sequences, facilitates its role as an adaptor molecule in protein synthesis
65
What is trna
a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein
66
what is r rna
It is part of a ribosome for protein production
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