arthrology
study of joints or articulations between bones
joints classified by:
-structure
-function
functional classification of joints
3 divisions based on mobility
-synarthrosis
-amphiarthosis
-diarthrosis
functional classification
synarthrosis
immoveable joint
functional classification
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable joint
functional classification
diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
(can move in 2 or more directions)
structural classifications
based on type of tissue that binds the articulating bones
-3 groups based on connective tissues
1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial
structural classifications
fibrous joints
do not have a joint cavity
-united w/ various fibers and connective tissue/ ligaments
-strongest joints
3 types:
1) syndesmosis
2) suture
3) gomphosis
fibrous joints
syndesmosis
immovable or slightly moveable
-united with fibrous sheets
-ex= inferior tibiofibular or ulnar radial
runs between the two long bones
fibrous joints
suture
immoveable joint only found in skull
fibrous joint
gomphosis
immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
structural classifications
cartilaginous joints
do not have a joint cavity
-virtually immoveable
-2 types:
1) symphesis
2) synchondrosis
cartilaginous joint
symphysis
very slightly moveable
-seperated by pad of fibrocartilage
-strength and shock absorbancy
-ex= pubic symphysis (pregnancy and trauma)
cartilaginous joint
synchondrosis
immoveable joint
-united by rigid cartilage
-ex= epiphyseal plate
structural classifications
synovial joints
permit a wide range of movement
-6 types
-enclosed by articular capsule
synovial joint
articular capsule
outer layer is fibrous capsule and connects to the periosteum of the two bones
inner layer synovial membrane that surrounds the entire joint to creat a joint cavity
-thick yellow synovial fluid
-reduces friction and lubes
synovial joints
synovial joint’s accessory tissues
-meniscus
-bursae
synovial joint’s accessory tissues
meniscus
a pad of fibrocartilage surrounds joint
-acts as shock absorber
synovial joint’s accessory tissues
bursae
synovial fluid flilled sace surround joint cavity
-reduces friction between skin, tendons, muscle and bones
synovial joints
gliding
slight movement
-uniaxial movement (side to side OR forward and backward)
ex= intercarpal and intertarsal
synovial joints
hinge joints
uniaxial movement
-only goes in one direction
-flexion and extension only
ex= elbow, knee, fingers
synovial joints
pivot joint
uniaxial movemement
-allows rotation around a single axis
ex=atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2)
synovial joints
ellipsoid joint
biaxial movement
-allows movement in two directions
-flexion& extension
-abduction & adduction
-circumduction
EX= radiocarpal (wrist)
synovial joints
saddle joint
biaxial movement
-movement in two directions
Ex= carpometacarpal joint (trapezium and first metacarpal)
synovial joints
ball and socket joint
wide range of movement
-multiaxial
-flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction. & rotation
Ex- hip and shoulder
