BIO 190 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Major elements of organic molecules

A

C,H,O,N

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

only C+H

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3
Q

isomer

A

molecules with the same molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms

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4
Q

Cisisomer

A

two X’s on the same side

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5
Q

Transisomer

A

two X’s on opposite sitdes

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6
Q

enantiomers

A

mirrored X’s

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7
Q

Structural isomer

A

molecule with the same chemical formula as another molecule but a different atomic arrangement, meaning the atoms are connected in a different order

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking down a polymer w/ aid of water

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9
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger, more complex molecule by removing a water molecule (H₂O) in the process

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Contain C,O,H w/ multi hydroxyl groups, alot made by plants

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11
Q

Monosaaccharide

A

simple sugar/reducing surgar
building block of carbs

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12
Q

Important Monosaccharides

A

Pentoses-5carbons, deoxyribose, ribose
Hexoses-6 carbons, glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

Glysidic bond

A

Joins 2 sugars

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14
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosacs, simple sugars not reducing

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15
Q

Maltose

A

2 glucose

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16
Q

lactose

A

galactose, glucose

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17
Q

sucrose

A

fructose and glucose

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18
Q

Starch

A

big molecules, made by plants, 2 molecules, 20%amylose +80%amylopectin

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19
Q

glycogen

A

how animals store energy for later, stored in liver&muscle, up to 1 million glucose

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20
Q

Cellulose

A

in the walls of plants, humans cannot digest

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21
Q

Chitin

A

found in incesct exoskeleton and fungal walls

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22
Q

peptidoglycan

A

found in bacteria cell walls

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23
Q

Fatty Acids

A

building blocks of lipids
12-22 carbons
carboxyl groups on 1 end
non polar
hydrophobic
uncharged

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24
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds
solid @ room temp
Stack easily
max# of hydrogens

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25
Unsaturated fatty acids
atleast 1 double bond liquid at room temp dont stack tightly fewer hydrogens
26
Triglyceride
glycerol+3 fatty acids
27
Phospholipid
only 1 glycerol 2 fatty acids organic group attached by a phosphate group charged heads
28
Sterols
have 4 ring steroid nucleus
29
steroid hormones
Estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
30
Ammino acids
Building blocks of protein Every amino acid has amino group &carboxyl group and variable side chain (r) held together by peptide bond/amide bond
31
Functions of proteins in organisms
1.enzymes 2.storage of amino acids 3.Transport of sub in cell mem 4.defense against disease 5.hormone 6.receptor 7.structure 8.motor
32
20 amino acids
Alanine Ala A Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn N Aspartic Acid Asp D Cysteine Cys C Glutamine Gln Q Glutamic Acid Glu E Glycine Gly G Histidine His H Isoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Lysine Lys K Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y Valine Val V
33
Primary protein structure
chain of amino acids
34
Secondary Protein Structure
local folding, alpha helix, beta pleated
35
Tertiary structure
Overll/global folding
36
Quaternary structure
only some proteins have. only when more than one poly peptide
37
Denaturation
unfolding of protein loses function
38
chaperonin
complex that helps protein fold
39
DNA to RNA to Protein
transcribed translated
40
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Usually double strand tymine
41
RNA
Ribonucleic acid Ribose Uracil usually single strand both have a,c,g
42
Purines
adenine, guanine
43
Pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
44
DNA AND RNA DIFFER
the monosac U v T SS v s
45
anti parallel
DNA strands face opposite ways
46
ATP
adenosine triphosphate. favorite way for cells to transfer energy
47
Prokaryotes
Domains: Bacteria, Archaea Key Structures: Nucleoid (DNA region, no membrane) Ribosomes (protein synthesis) Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Cell wall (peptidoglycan in bacteria) Surface-to-volume ratio: Higher ratio = more efficient exchange.
48
Eukaryotes
Domains: eukarya (kingdoms animalia, plantae, fungi) Main Components: Plasma Membrane: Selective barrier Cytoplasm: Cell contents outside nucleus Cytosol: Fluid part of cytoplasm Organelles: Specialized functions
49
nucleus
Nuclear envelope (double membrane seperated by 20-40nanometers) Chromatin (DNA + histone proteins) → Chromosomes Nucleolus (makes rRNA & ribosomes)
50
Ribosomes
40% protein, 60% rRNA; protein synthesis
51
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER: Ribosomes attached, protein synthesis, glyco proteins, secretory proteins, membrane proteins, some phospholipids Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification
52
Golgi Complex
Modifies, sorts, ships proteins
53
Vesicles
Transport substances
54
lysosomes
Digestive enzymes, waste breakdown
55
Vacuoles
storage (eg water in plants)
56
peroxisomes
breakdown fatty acids, detoxify
57
Mitochondria
ATP production Cristae(folds) Matrix (inner fluid) Inner/outer membranes
58
Chloroplast
photosynthesis own DNA and RIBOSOMES Thylakoids(disks) Grana (stacks) Stroma (fluid)
59
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria
60
Microfilaments (actin)
cell shape, movement Form 4nm rods
61
Microtubules(Tubulin)
Transport organelles around, cell division 25nm in diameter
62
Intermiediate filaments
structural support 10nm most common protein keratin
63
Centrosome organize Microtuble
made of two centrioles and always at right angle
64
Flagells
in eukaryotes whip-like,
65
cillia
short, hair-like appendages on the surface of eukaryotic cells that are crucial for both cell movement and sensing the environment.
66
cell wall
Animals cells do not have cell walls so be careful (when we mean cell membrane say it and not wall) in plants the walls are made of cellulose In fungi it can be cellulose, and or ketone, and or glycomanin Algae can have cellulose, auger, karagenin, pectinmanins, and some have some made of minerals
67
Bacteria
peptidoglycan
68
Cell membrane functions
Protect/barrier Regulate echange w/ enviroment Communication structure
69
Glycolipid
lipid w/ carbs attached
70
Glycoprotein
Protein with carbs attached
71
Integral protein
embedded in phospholipid bilayer
72
peripheral
not embedded
73
Fluid mosaic model
not uniform
74
uniport
lets one thing through along concentration gradient
75
symport
lets 2 things going in the same direction. one with and one against concentration gradiaent
76
antiport
1 going in, 1 going out, one with and one against concentration gradient
77
Lipid bilayer
hydrophobic tails, hyrdrophillic heads
78
Transmembrane
span entire membrane
79
Protein functions
transport Receptors (signal detection) Enzymes (catalysis) Linkers (attachment) Cell identity markers (recognition)
80
Glycocalyx
Glycoproteins + glycolipids → cell recognition & adhesion a thin, carbohydrate-rich layer that covers the surface of all cells in the body
81
osmosis
diffusion of water
82
tonicity
Isotonic: No net water movement Hypotonic: Water enters cell (lysis in animals, turgid in plants) Hypertonic: Water leaves cell (crenation in animals, plasmolysis in plants)
83
Passive transport
Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion(channels, carriers), no energy req
84
Active transport
Requires ATP Electrochemical gradients Against gradient
85
Contransport
symport and antiport
86
exocytosis
materials exit cell
87
endocytosis
materials enter cell
88
phagocytosis
process in which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, and debris
89
pinocytosis
the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens.
90
receptor mediated
specific molecules (ligands) bind to cell surface receptors, triggering their uptake into the cell.
91
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