What is the Law of Effect?
Behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is more likely to occur again in that situation.
What is the definition of operant?
“Functioning or tending to produce effects: effective; of or relating to the observable or measurable”.
What does operant conditioning entail?
Manipulating consequences of behaviour.
- The consequences may increase or decrease a behaviour
- The consequence of a behaviour can itself be a stimulus or event that leads to further behaviour
- Consequences occur immediately after a behaviour
What is reinforcement?
The process in which the consequence of a behaviour increases the behaviour (more likely to occur in the future).
What is a reinforcer?
A stimulus (object or event) that increases a behaviour if it occurs contingent on the behaviour.
- Often is an appetitive stimulus characterized by a natural desire to satisfy bodily needs
What is positive reinforcement?
A situation in which a behaviour is followed by the presentation of an appetitive (pleasant) stimulus that increases the behaviour.
What is negative reinforcement?
A situation in which a behaviour is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus that increases the behaviour.
What is escape behaviour?
Causes removal of existing aversive stimulus.
What is avoidance behaviour?
Prevents presentation of aversive stimulus.
What is natural reinforcement?
Occurs spontaneously as a part of everyday life.
E.g., your friend laughs when you tell a joke.
What is programmed reinforcement?
Planned and systematic; given as a part of behavioural treatment.
E.g., giving yourself rewards as part of a self-management program.
What is social reinforcement?
Involves another person to deliver reinforcing consequences.
E.g., teacher praises a student for completing her homework.
What is automatic reinforcement?
The individual gets reinforcing consequences directly from the environment, independent of the actions of other people.
What is tangible reinforcement?
Access to a preferred object (includes consumable reinforcement).
What is sensory reinforcement?
Pleasant sensory stimulation.
What is activity reinforcement?
Engaging in a preferred behaviour after doing a non-preferred behaviour.
What is the Premack Principle?
A high-probability behaviour can serve as positive reinforcement contingent on performing a low probability behaviour, thus increasing it.
What is temptation bundling?
Making a more desirable behaviour contingent on performing a less desirable behaviour.
What is an unconditioned reinforcer?
Stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects.
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
Previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned reinforcer.
What are motivating operations?
Antecedent events that can temporarily alter the effectiveness of reinforcement and thus affect behaviour.
What is reward value?
Quantity and quality of the reinforcer and its value to the individual.
What are establishing operations (EO)?
Establishes/increases the effectiveness of reinforcement.
What are abolishing operations (AO)?
Decreases the effectiveness of reinforcement.
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Chapter 1 — Introduction To BMOD28
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Chapter 2 — Observing And Recording Behaviour & Ethics66
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Chapter 4 — Reinforcement31
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Chapter 5 — Extinction5
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Chapter 6 — Punishment28
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Chapter 7 — Stimulus Control12
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Chapter 8 — Respondent Conditioning16
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Chapter 9 — Shaping9
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Chapter 10 — Prompting & Transfer Of Stimulus Control28
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Chapter 11 — Chaining17
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Chapter 13 — Functional Assessment16
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Chapter 14 — Applying Extinction7
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Chapter 15 — Differential Reinforcement16
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Chapter 16 — Antecedent Interventions6
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Chapter 17-18 — Applying Punishment29
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Chapter 19 — Generalization & Maintenance14
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Chapter 20 — Self Management17
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Chapter 21 — Habit Reversal Procedures16
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Chapter 22 — Token Economies12
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Chapter 24 — Fear And Anxiety Reduction Procedures25
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Chapter 25 — Cognitive Behaviour Therapies32
