What is shaping?
The differential reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behaviour until the target behaviour (terminal behaviour) is reached.
What is the schedule of differential reinforcement?
One particular behaviour is reinforced whereas all other behaviours are not.
What are successive approximations?
Each consecutive behaviour more closely resembles the target behaviour in a series of shaping steps.
What is quantitative shaping?
Setting criteria to increase (or decrease) a dimension of an existing behaviour.
(Frequency, duration, latency, intensity)
What is qualitative (topographic) shaping?
Degree to which successive behaviours resemble the target behaviour.
What are the shaping “steps”?
- Advance to next approximation only after current one has been mastered
- If shaping steps advance too quickly and behaviour deteriorates, return to a previous approximation
- If gaps are too small, shaping will be time-consuming (and expensive) and the person can become bored
What are the applications of shaping?
- Physical therapy and exercise
- Appropriate classroom behaviours
- Animal training
What are the limitations of shaping?
- Can be time-consuming, if numerous approximations are required
- Progress is not always linear — it may be erratic
- Requires behaviour change agent to continuously and closely monitor behaviour
- May inadvertently shape problem behaviours
What are the steps in using shaping?
- Define target/terminal behaviour precisely
- Determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure (if person does not exhibit target behaviour, if you cannot tell the person to perform target behaviour)
- Identify starting behaviour: should already be demonstrated by individual
- Choose shaping steps/approxs
- Decide what reinforcer to apply
- Apply reinforcement to successive approximations
- Proceed through shaping steps at appropriate pace
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Chapter 1 — Introduction To BMOD28
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Chapter 2 — Observing And Recording Behaviour & Ethics66
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Chapter 4 — Reinforcement31
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Chapter 5 — Extinction5
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Chapter 6 — Punishment28
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Chapter 7 — Stimulus Control12
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Chapter 8 — Respondent Conditioning16
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Chapter 9 — Shaping9
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Chapter 10 — Prompting & Transfer Of Stimulus Control28
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Chapter 11 — Chaining17
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Chapter 13 — Functional Assessment16
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Chapter 14 — Applying Extinction7
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Chapter 15 — Differential Reinforcement16
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Chapter 16 — Antecedent Interventions6
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Chapter 17-18 — Applying Punishment29
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Chapter 19 — Generalization & Maintenance14
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Chapter 20 — Self Management17
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Chapter 21 — Habit Reversal Procedures16
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Chapter 22 — Token Economies12
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Chapter 24 — Fear And Anxiety Reduction Procedures25
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Chapter 25 — Cognitive Behaviour Therapies32
