Chapter 7

Question 1

Ecological Approach to Perception

Answer 1

-Lab research was too artificial and observers couldn’t move their heads
-They didn’t have an explanation for how pilots used the environment to land the airplane

Question 2

Perception in a Lab vs Real World

Answer 2

The lab isn’t super helpful because the conditions are simulated

Question 3

Optic Flow

Answer 3

Appearance of objects as the observer moves past them (direction of arrows)

Question 4

Gradient of flow

Answer 4

How the speed of the motion changes depending on the distance from you (fast nearby, slow far away)
(length of arrows)

Question 5

Focus of Expansion

Answer 5

Point of distance where there is no flow (no arrows)

Question 6

Optic Flow of landing a plane

Answer 6

They change their focus of expansion from the air to the runway

Question 7

Movement creates…?

Answer 7

Flow

Question 8

Flow provides…?

Answer 8

Information for more movement

Question 9

Why do you slow down when entering a tunnel

Answer 9

-Different optic flow
-Focus of expansion change
-Bad weather
-Construction/Barriers

Question 10

Walking

Answer 10

-Use optic flow not to run into stuff
-Observers keep their body turned to a target
-Walker corrects when target drifts left or right

Question 11

Blind Walking Experiment

Answer 11

Shows that people can navigate w/o visual stimulation from environment

Question 12

Gymnasts and Vision

Answer 12

-Experts performed worse with their eyes closed (beginners don’t have this skill)
-Use vision to correct trajectory

Question 13

5 Visual skill for Gymnasts

Answer 13

-Eye-Hand-Foot-Body Coordination
-Depth Perception
-Visual Memory
-Reaction Time
-Binocularity

Question 14

Landmark Navigation

Answer 14

Landmarks involved taking routes that require making turns

Question 15

Virtual Museum Experiment (Do you remember seeing this?)

Answer 15

Greatest activation for objects at landmarks in the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 16

Hippocampus

Answer 16

Important for navigating environment

Question 17

Place Cells

Answer 17

Where am I?

Question 18

Grid Cells

Answer 18

Where do I want to go?

Question 19

Place Field

Answer 19

Neurons in the hippocampus that fire when an animal goes to a specific location (small orange clump rat)

Question 20

Selective Firing

Answer 20

-Need a starting point
-Internal, neural representation of space forming

Question 21

Entorhinal Cortex

Answer 21

-Fire a hexagonal grid pattern as a animal walks around
-Understanding an animal’s position in space (blue triangle grid rat)

Question 22

Navigation and Neuroplasticity

Answer 22

-Cab drivers have a bigger posterior hippocampus than others from more experience
-Neuroplasticity
-Prevents Alzheimer”s?

Question 23

Egocentric Navigation

Answer 23

-Using your own body/point of view as a reference point
-Left, right, in front/behind me

Question 24

Allocentric Navigation

Answer 24

-Using your environment as a reference point
-Looking at a map or turning where you see the big tree