Psychopathology
mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or mental illness
Harmful dysfunction theory
proposes that in our efforts to determine what is psycho pathological, we consider both scientific data and the social values in the context of which the behavior takes place;, it can account for a wide range of behavior that clinical psychologists have traditionally labeled as psycho pathological
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
the prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals
DSM-5-TR
mental disorder is defined as a “clinically significant disturbance” in “cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior” that indicates a “dysfunction” in “mental functioning” that is “usually associated with significant distress or disability” in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning
Medical model of psychiatry
each disorder is an entity defined categorically (rather than dimensionally) and features a list of specific symptoms
proposed criteria set
the section of DSM-5-TR that describes conditions that DSM authors decided to leave out of the list of “official” disorders, at least for now, but to list as “unofficial” conditions for the purpose of inspiring clinicians and researchers to pay more attention to them
Ex) attenuated psychosis
DSM-I
was published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952
DSM-II
revision of DSM-I
Emil Kraepelin
known as the founding father of the current DSM diagnostic system, psychologist who labeled specific categories such as manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox and contributed to the creation of other diagnostic categories
DSM-III
published in 1980, an edition very dissimilar from DSM-I and DSM-II
Relied more on empirical data to determine which disorders to include and how to define them
Used specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders
Dropped allegiance to any particular theory of therapy or psychopathology
Multiaxial assessment
a system in which the psychiatric problems were described on each of five distinct axes
Axis I
episodic
Axis II
stable or long-lasting
Axes III and IV
medical conditions and psychosocial/environmental problems, respectively, relevant to mental health issues at hand
Axis V
(Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale): place the client on a 100-point continuum of overall functioning
Changes DSM-5 Did Not Make
Overhauling the manual to emphasize neuropsychology (lacked clarity)
Shift toward a dimensional definition of mental disorders (too premature and overly complicated)
Dimensional approach for personality disorders (too complex and not clinically useful enough)
Removal of 5 of the 10 personality disorders previously included
Inclusion of new disorders (Attenuated psychosis syndrome, Internet gaming disorder, nonsuicidal self-injury disorder)
New Features in DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR
Shift away from traditional Roman numerals toward Arabic numerals (enable more frequent minor updates)
Multiaxial assessment system dropped altogether
Categorical approach
the traditional approach in DSM in which the individual can be placed definitively in the “yes” or “no” category regarding a particular form of psychopathology
Dimensional approach
an approach in which the issue isn’t the presence or absence of a disorder; instead, the issue is where on a continuum (or “dimension”) a client’s symptoms fall
Hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) model
dimensional and hierarchical model that groups problematic symptoms and traits into diagnostic terms, subfactors, spectra, and a higher-order dimension
