Core 11

Question 1

In a mine with 1,500 employees where 100 were on sick leave and another 100 were on vacation leave for a particular month, there were 18 lost time accidents. Assuming the employees worked for 25 days (for 8 hrs) and no one worked overtime, what was the accident frequency rate per million manhours?
a. 50
b. 45
c. 70
d. 100

Answer 1

c. 70

Total employees: 1,500
On sick leave: 100
On vacation: 100
Employeeswhoworked=1,500−100−100=1,300

Each employee worked 25 days × 8 hours/day:
Man-hoursperemployee=25×8=200hours

Total man-hours for all employees:
Totalman-hours=1,300×200=260,000hours

The formula for AFR per million man-hours:
AFR=NumberofLostTimeAccidents×1,000,000/Total Man-Hours
AFR=18×1,000,000/260,000
AFR=69.23

Question 2

Which of the following is the most abundant natural greenhouse gas?
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Water vapor
c. Methane
d. CFCs

Answer 2

b. Water vapor

While carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most significant greenhouse gas contributing to human-caused global warming, water vapor (H₂O) is naturally the most abundant in the atmosphere and accounts for the largest percentage of the natural greenhouse effect. Its concentration in the atmosphere varies greatly depending on location and temperature, but on a global scale, it far exceeds other greenhouse gases.

Question 2

Some of the rock along the fault may be pulverized to a fine grain called?
a. Gouge
b. Horst
c. Breccia
d. Talus

Answer 2

a. Gouge.

When two sides of a fault grind past each other, the immense friction and pressure can pulverize the rock into a very fine, clay-like material known as fault gouge. This material is often soft and can be easily broken apart. It is a key indicator of a fault zone and its recent movement.

b. Horst: In geology, a horst is a raised block of the Earth’s crust that’s bounded by faults. A horst is typically found alongside a graben, which is a down-dropped block.
c. Breccia: While breccia is also a type of rock found along faults, it is made of larger, angular fragments of broken rock cemented together. It represents a less-intense grinding process than gouge, where the rock has been fractured but not completely pulverized to a fine powder.
d. Talus: Talus refers to a pile of broken rock debris that accumulates at the base of a cliff or a steep slope, often due to weathering and gravity. It is not formed by the grinding action of a fault but rather by rockfalls.

Question 2

In diamond drilling, which of the following is used to locate and recover detached or lost drill bits at the bottom of a drill hole?
a. Sludge collector
b. Core barrel
b. Bit splitter
d. Fishing device

Answer 2

d. Fishing device

In drilling operations, a fishing device (or “fishing tool”) is a specialized piece of equipment used to retrieve lost or detached objects from a borehole. The lost objects are often referred to as “fish,” and the process of retrieving them is called “fishing.” When a drill bit or other part of the drill string breaks off and falls to the bottom of the hole, a specific fishing device is lowered down the hole to latch onto the broken piece and bring it back to the surface.

a. Sludge collector: This is a tool used to collect settled sludge or sediment, often in wastewater treatment or other fluid processing applications.
b. Core barrel: The core barrel is the part of the drill string that contains and holds the core sample (a cylindrical piece of rock) as it is being drilled.
c. Bit splitter: This term is not a standard drilling tool. “Split point” refers to a type of drill bit design used to improve starting accuracy and reduce walking on hard materials, but it’s part of the bit itself.

Question 2

it is the term used to describe the surface mining of rock, such as marble, granite, limestone, slate, etc., that are valuable for either mechanical or chemical propterties.
a. Quarry Mining
b. Solution Mining
c. Resuing
d. Placer Mining

Answer 2

a. Quarry Mining

Question 2

The fan law states that in order to develop twice the volume, how many times the speed is required?
a. 2 times the velocity
b. 4 times the velocity
c. 3 times the velocity
d. 5 times the velocity

Answer 2

a. 2 times the velocity

Question 2

It is a mineral property, the value of which has not been approved by exploration.
a. Prospect
b. Ore
c. Outcrop
d. Overburden

Answer 2

a. Prospect.

A prospect is a mineral property for which the potential for mineralization has been identified, but the economic viability and full extent of the resource have not yet been confirmed by extensive exploration, drilling, or feasibility studies.

Question 2

In analyzing fault planes, which of the following manifests the direction of fault movement?
a. Extend of oxidation
b. Direction of smooth surface
c. Direction of rough surface
d. Quantity of gouge generated

Answer 2

b. Direction of smooth surface

When rock blocks move past each other along a fault plane, the friction creates polished, often grooved surfaces called slickensides. The grooves themselves are known as slickenlines.

Question 2

Determine the sustained production rate in surface mine, given the following conditions:
6 trucks=at 30 tons capacity
working time=55 min/hr, 7hr/shift
hauling cycle=14 min
efficiency=85%
a. 4,500 TPD
b. 4,200 TPD
c. 5,000 TPD
d. 3,500 TPD

Answer 2

b. 4,200 TPD

Hauling cycle = 14 min
Working time = 55 min/hr × 7 hr = 385 min/shift
Cyclespertruckpershift=Totalworkingminutes /Hauling Cycle
=385/14
≈27.5cycles/truck/shift

Tonspertruckpershift=Cycles×Truckcapacity=27.5×30≈825tons/truck/shift
Totaltons=825×6≈4,950tons/shift
Efficiency = 85% → multiply total tons by 0.85:
Sustainedproduction=4,950×0.85≈4,208tons/shift
Sustainedproduction≈4,200TPD

Question 2

Why is drilling done only after conducting other operations such as geological mapping, geochemical surveying, and geophysical surveying?
a. It is the traditional approach
b. Drilling takes much longer time
c. Drilling is much more expensive than the others.
d. None of these

Answer 2

c. Drilling is much more expensive than the others.

Question 2

In a truck and shovel operation, the time for a truck to position itself at the shovel and be loaded are 0.50 minute and 3 minutes respectively. It then takes the truck 12 minutes to haul the ore, dump it at the coarse ore bin, and return to the shovel. How many trucks do you need to keep the shovel busy with a little waiting time for the trucks?
a. 3 trucks
b. 4 trucks
c. 5 trucks
d. 6 trucks

Answer 2

c. 5 trucks

ShovelCycleTime=PositioningTime+LoadingTime=0.5+3=3.5min
TruckCycleTime=Haul,Dump,ReturnTime+ShovelCycleTime=12+3.5=15.5min
NumberofTrucks=TruckCycleTime/Shovel Cycle Time
=15.5/3.5
≈4.43
4 trucks → Shovel might wait for a truck (not ideal).
5 trucks → Shovel will always be busy, trucks may have a small waiting time (acceptable).​

Question 2

Karst topography is typical of which of the following rock formations?
a. Coal formations
b. Limestone formations
c. Diorite formations
d. Andesite formations

Answer 2

b. Limestone formations

Question 2

The stress divided by the strain.
a. Poisson’s ratio
b. Shear modulus
c. Shear stress
d. Modulus of elasticity

Answer 2

d. Modulus of elasticity

Also known as Young’s Modulus (E), the modulus of elasticity is a fundamental property of a material that measures its stiffness or rigidity. It is defined as the ratio of stress (σ) to strain (ϵ) within the elastic (linear) region of a material’s stress-strain curve.

a. Poisson’s ratio: This is the ratio of transverse (sideways) strain to axial (lengthwise) strain.
b. Shear modulus: This is a specific type of modulus of elasticity that measures a material’s resistance to shear stress (a force causing twisting or sliding).
c. Shear stress: This is a type of stress that is parallel to a surface, not a ratio of stress to strain.

Question 2

A mineralized zone having a more or less regular development is length, width and depth to give it a tabular form and commonly inclined at a considerable angle to the horizontal.
a. Vein
b. Dike
c. Paystreak
d. Placer

Answer 2

a. vein.

A geological vein is a sheet-like body of mineral matter that has crystallized within a rock fracture. The key characteristics mentioned in the description—a “tabular form” with a “regular development” in three dimensions and an inclination to the horizontal—are all classic features of a mineral vein. Veins are formed when mineral-rich fluids, often hot hydrothermal solutions, flow through cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust, depositing minerals as the fluids cool or their chemistry changes.

Question 2

Which of the following is incorrect about the Greenhouse Effect?
a. Life on earth is possible due to the greenhouse effect
b. Greenhouse effect is a natural process that maintains the earth’s temperature
c. More is the emissions of greenhouse gases, more is the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere
d. Increased emission of greenhouse gases is a natural process

Answer 2

d. Increased emission of greenhouse gases is a natural process

This is the incorrect statement. While the greenhouse effect itself is a natural process, the dramatic increase in greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution is primarily a result of human activities, such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), deforestation, and certain industrial and agricultural practices.

Question 2

Iron and/or copper deposits usually associated with the replacement of limestone or dolomite is called?
a. Besshi
b. Porphyry
c. Placer
d. Skarn

Answer 2

d. Skarn

A skarn is a type of metamorphic rock and ore deposit formed by a process called metasomatism. This occurs when hot, mineral-rich fluids from an igneous intrusion (like a magma body) react with and chemically alter the surrounding host rock. The most common type of host rock for skarn formation is carbonate rock, such as limestone or dolomite. The process essentially involves the fluids replacing the original minerals in the limestone with new ones, often containing valuable metals like iron, copper, gold, and zinc.

a. Besshi: Besshi-type deposits are stratiform (layered) massive sulfide deposits that form on the seafloor. They are not typically formed by the replacement of limestone.

Question 2

A mine with 2,000 miners working at 80% attendance rate on regular hours, 365 days a year, incurred a total four (4) accidents with 23 days lost during the fiscal year just concluded. What is the company’s severity rate?
a. 4.92
b. 5.56
c. 7.50
d. 8.32

Answer 2

a. 4.92

SeverityRate=TotalLostTimeDays×1,000/Total Man-Hours Worked

Question 3

Under the PMRC, which of the following refers to an expression of the amount of mineral of interest irrespective of the units of measurement (which should be stated when figures are reported)?
a. Grade
b. Recovery
c. Tonnage
d. Yield

Answer 3

a. Grade

The term grade is defined as the concentration of a mineral or metal of economic interest within an ore body. It’s a key measure of the quality of a mineral deposit. While the term itself is general and “irrespective of the units,” the PMRC (like other international reporting codes) requires that when reporting the figures, the units must be clearly stated. For example, a gold deposit might have a grade of 2.5 grams per tonne (g/t) and a copper deposit might have a grade of 1.5% copper.

Question 3

A profitability index used by project evaluators to ascertain the selling price and sales volume of the mineral to which no profit or loss will be incurred by the proponent company.
a. NPV Analysis
b. Regression Analysis
c. Sensitivity Analysis
d. Breakeven Analysis

Answer 3

d. Breakeven Analysis

a. NPV Analysis (Net Present Value): This method calculates the present value of a project’s future cash flows to determine if it will generate a profit (positive NPV) or a loss (negative NPV) at a given set of conditions.
b. Regression Analysis: This is a statistical method for modeling the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
c. Sensitivity Analysis: This technique assesses how a project’s profitability (e.g., its NPV) changes when key variables like price or volume are adjusted. It helps evaluate risk by showing a range of outcomes.

Question 3

The initial energy entry or a wedge-shaped prism of rock which must be removed to establish a new bench face in Open Pit Mining.
a. Triangle Cut or Three-Sided Cut
b. Box Cut or Drop Cut
c. Diamond Cut
d. Baguette Cut

Answer 3

b. Box Cut or Drop Cut

Question 3

Which of the following exploration methods is highly applicable in locating and determining the thickness of wet shears, clays and/or gravels.
a. Resistivity
b. Magnetic
c. Tellulic
d. Gravity

Answer 3

a. Resistivity.

Electrical resistivity surveying measures the electrical resistance of the ground. Different geological materials have varying abilities to conduct electricity: Wet shears, clays, and gravels are typically water-saturated and can hold conductive fluids. These materials have a low resistivity (high conductivity). In contrast, solid, unweathered bedrock, which is what these materials might be sitting on, has a high resistivity (low conductivity).

b. Magnetic Surveying: This method measures variations in the Earth’s magnetic field. It is primarily used to locate buried magnetic materials, like magnetite-rich ore bodies or igneous intrusions, not wet, non-magnetic materials like wet shears or clays.
c. Telluric Surveying: This is a geophysical method that measures natural electrical currents in the Earth’s crust. It is used for deep, large-scale geological mapping, such as locating sedimentary basins or major faults, but it is not typically used for the high-resolution, shallow-depth mapping required for wet shears or gravels.
d. Gravity Surveying: This method measures variations in the Earth’s gravitational field caused by differences in rock density. While it can be used to find buried dense ore bodies or to map large-scale structures, the density contrast between wet shears/clays and surrounding rock is often too small for this method to be highly effective for this purpose.

Question 3

The Sustainable Development Goal number 12 corresponds to?
a. Sustainable Cities and Communities
b. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
c. Responsible Consumption and Production
d. Life below water

Answer 3

c. Responsible Consumption and Production

a. Sustainable Cities and Communities: This is SDG 11.
b. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: This is SDG 9.
d. Life below water: This is SDG 14.
*SDG 13: Climate Action

Question 3

What do you call an underground mine working that is driven perpendicular to an ore vein?
a. Drift
b. Adit
c. Decline
d. Crosscut

Answer 3

d. Crosscut

a. Drift: A drift is a horizontal underground passage that follows the direction of the ore vein. It is driven within or parallel to the vein, not perpendicular to it.
b. Adit: An adit is a horizontal passage driven from the surface into a mine. While it may eventually intersect a vein, its defining characteristic is that it provides external access to the mine.
c. Decline: A decline is an inclined or sloped tunnel used to access deeper parts of the mine, typically for haulage or access. It is defined by its slope, not its orientation relative to the ore body.

Question 3

When monitoring an unstable slope, which of the following activities records that groundwater movement and/or fluctuations?
a. Permeability testing
b. Drilling of horizontal drains
c. Installation of piezometers
d. Installation of weepholes

Answer 3

c. Installation of piezometers

A piezometer is a device used to measure the pressure of groundwater (or pore pressure) at a specific point below the ground surface. It consists of a porous tip sealed in a borehole, which allows water to enter and equalize with the surrounding groundwater pressure. A connected tube then allows for the measurement of the water level, providing a direct reading of the water table’s elevation.

a. Permeability testing: This is a one-time test that measures the hydraulic conductivity of a material, determining how easily water can flow through it.
b. Drilling of horizontal drains: This is a remedial action taken to improve slope stability. The drains are installed to actively remove groundwater and reduce pore pressure.
d. Installation of weepholes: Similar to horizontal drains, weepholes are small drains or outlets in a retaining wall or slope face designed to relieve built-up water pressure.

Question 3

How many times a power required in order developing twice the volume? a. 8 times the power b. 7 times the power c. 5 times the power d. 6 times the power

Answer 3

a. 8 times the power

Question 3

Why is it often necessary to do tunneling even after a deposit has already been explored by drilling? a. To reconfirm drilling results b. To obtain bulk samples for metallurgical testing c. To increase confidence in reserve estimates d. All of these

Answer 3

d. All of these

Question 3

For proper cycle balance in hauling, the cycle time for trucks must be: a. Half the time required to spot and load the entire truck fleet. b. Equal to the time required to spot and load the entire truck fleet. c. Greater than the time required to spot and load the entire truck fleet. d. Less than the time required to spot and load the entire truck fleet.

Answer 3

d. Less than the time required to spot and load the entire truck fleet. The other side of the internet says b. Equal to the time required to spot and load the entire truck fleet.

Question 3

Uncontrolled disruption of rock accompanied by violent release of energy. a. rock burst b. rock fall c. landslide d. volcanic eruption

Answer 3

a. rock burst A rock burst is a sudden, uncontrolled, and often violent failure of a rock mass. It occurs when rock under high stress—typically in deep underground mines or tunnels—abruptly releases a large amount of stored elastic energy. b. Rock Fall: A rock fall is the free-falling of a rock block from a slope or cliff due to gravity, often triggered by weathering or erosion. c. Landslide: A landslide is a mass movement of a larger volume of rock, earth, or debris down a slope. It is a slow to rapid process but is not defined by a sudden, violent release of stored internal energy. d. Volcanic Eruption: This is a geological process involving the expulsion of molten rock (lava), ash, and gases from a volcano. While it can be violent, the cause is magmatic pressure, not the mechanical failure of a rock mass due to tectonic or mining-induced stres

Question 3

It is the direction of the line produced by the intersection of the plane surface at the horizontal plane. a. Fold b. Dip c. Strike d. Dip angle

Answer 3

c. Strike Strike refers to the compass direction or bearing of a horizontal line on a planar geological feature, such as a rock bed, fault plane, or vein. It is the direction of the line formed by the intersection of that planar surface with an imaginary horizontal plane. a. Fold: A fold is a large-scale bend in a rock layer. b. Dip: Dip is the maximum angle of inclination of the planar surface, measured downward from the horizontal plane. d. Dip angle: This is the numerical value of the dip.

Question 3

Which of the following geophysical prospecting methods is most applicable and cheapest method in establishing the lateral extension of mineral deposits that area shallow occurring? a. Aerial magnetometer b. Seismic survey c. Trenching d. Wireline drilling

Answer 3

c. Trenching a. Aerial magnetometer: An aerial magnetometer survey is a geophysical method that is useful for large-scale, preliminary reconnaissance. However, it is an indirect method that measures magnetic properties, and it is not the most cost-effective way to get detailed, small-scale information on a known, shallow deposit. b. Seismic survey: Seismic surveys are very expensive geophysical methods that are primarily used to map large-scale, deep geological structures, especially in oil and gas exploration. d. Wireline drilling: Drilling is a definitive exploration method that provides core samples from the subsurface, but it is much more expensive and time-consuming than trenching, particularly for determining the lateral extension of a shallow deposit.

Question 3

A steeply dipping and almost vertical gold vein 3.6 meters thick was followed by a drift at level 1000 meters above sea level to a strike length of 400 meters until it was intercepted by a younger intrusive formation. The same gold vein was intercepted by a crosscut at elevation 600 meters above sea level and at about the same coordinates as at level 1000 meters and followed it to a length of 400 meters until it was cut by the same intrusive. Assuming a consistent thickness of the vein, how much ore reserve is there if the material specific gravity is 2.5? a. 1,220,000 MT b. 1,440,000 MT c. 1,550,000 MT d. 1,660,000 MT

Answer 3

b. 1,440,000 MT Thickness (true width) = 3.6 m Strike length = 400 m Vertical extent: from 1000 m elevation down to 600 m elevation = 400 m So the ore body is essentially a tabular block: Length (strike) × Width (thickness) × Height (vertical extent) = 400 m × 3.6 m × 400 m V=400×3.6×400 Tonnage=V×SG 576,000×2.5=1,440,000MT

Question 3

Which ore is a product of surface weathering of ultramafic rocks? a. Nickel laterite b. Chromite c. Magnetite d. Copper

Answer 3

a. Nickel laterite

Question 3

In diamond drilling, what is the approximate diameter of an NQ core? a. 2.5 inches b. 3 inches c. 2 inches d. 4 to 5 inches

Answer 3

c. 2 inches AQ 27.0 1 1/16 BQ 36.5 1 7/16 NQ 47.6 1 7/8 HQ 63.5 2 1/2 PQ 85.0 3 11/32 Conventional EX 22.2 7/8 AX 30.2 1 3/16 BX 41.3 1 5/8 NX 54.0 2 1/8

Question 3

A mineral exploration method that uses gamma rays to penetrate into the earth's crust to detect radioactive minerals. a. Radiometric survey b. Gravimetric survey c. Seismic survey d. Aeromagnetic survey

Answer 3

a. Radiometric survey A radiometric survey is a geophysical method that measures natural gamma radiation emanating from the Earth's surface. This radiation is produced by the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. By measuring the intensity and distribution of these gamma rays, geologists can create a map that helps to locate and delineate deposits of radioactive minerals, particularly uranium.

Question 3

Wood preservation are end products of which of the following? a. Metallurgical grade chromite b. Refractory grade chromite c. Chemical grade chromite d. Copper cathodes

Answer 3

c. Chemical grade chromite

Question 4

In blasting operations, "powder factor" refers to: a. weight of explosives needed to sufficiently break a unit weight of volume rock. b. optimum amount of powder present in any given weight of explosives c. amount of explosives powder that is used in the calibration of the ballistic pendulum to test other explosives. d. the amount of explosives that can be handled by one person per manshift.

Answer 4

a. weight of explosives needed to sufficiently break a unit weight of volume rock.

Question 4

Field of study concerned with checking the properties and behavior of rocks when subjected to force field: a. Slope Stability b. Ground Control c. Geotechnical Engineering c. Rock Mechanics

Answer 4

c. Rock Mechanics

Question 4

A mining method that requires many benches and resembles a (roughly) circular pyramid, inverted in the earth, each successive bench being cut to a smaller radius because of the slope imposed by safety considerations. a. Open cast mining b. Open pit mining c. Glory hole mining d. Terracing

Answer 4

b. Open pit mining Glory hole mining: This is a method where ore is mined from the surface and allowed to fall through a vertical shaft, often creating a steep-sided pit. It does not typically involve the systematic, terraced benches of a conventional open pit.

Question 5

A truck working in an open pit mine for 580 hours during the month was under repair for 60 hours and on standby for 180 hours. What was the effective utilization of the truck? a. 61% b. 71% c. 76% d. 78%

Answer 5

b. 71% Effective Utilization (%)=Actual Working Hours/Total Available Hours×100 Total Available Hours=Working Hours+Repair Hours+Standby Hours 580+60+180=820 hours 580/820×100≈70.73%

Question 5

It is the underground mine gas otherwise called as "laughing gas". a. Nitrogen Dioxide b. Methane c. Hydrogen Sulfide d. Carbon Monoxide e. Nitrous Oxide

Answer 5

e. Nitrous Oxide a. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): A toxic gas produced by blasting and diesel exhaust. It is often referred to as a component of "NOx" (oxides of nitrogen) and can cause severe lung damage. b. Methane (CH4): A highly flammable and explosive gas. In coal mining, it is commonly known as "firedamp." c. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): A highly toxic gas with a characteristic rotten-egg smell. Miners often refer to it as "stinkdamp." d. Carbon Monoxide (CO): A colorless and odorless, but extremely toxic gas. It is a product of incomplete combustion from mine fires or diesel engines and is known as "whitedamp."

Question 6

In diamond drilling, what is the approximate diameter of a PQ core? a. 2.5 inches b. 3 inches c. 2 inches d. 4 to 5 inches

Answer 6

b. 3 inches

Question 7

What do you call an underground mine working that is driven along an ore vein? a. Drift b. Adit c. Decline d. Crosscut

Answer 7

a. Drift Adit: A horizontal tunnel that provides access from the surface to the mine. Decline: An inclined (sloping) tunnel used for access and hauling between different levels. Crosscut: A horizontal tunnel driven perpendicular to the strike of the ore vein.

Question 8

It is defined as the ratio of overburden to ore at the ultimate boundary of the pit where the profit margin is zero. a. Maximum Allowable Break-Even Ratio b. Stripping Ratio c. Ultimate Boundary d. Pit Limit

Answer 8

a. Maximum Allowable Break-Even Ratio

Question 8

In diamond drilling, which of the following has the smallest diameter? a. PQ b. AQ c. BQ d. NQ

Answer 8

b. AQ

Question 8

A mineral that has either blue or green outcrop, and exists as carbonates, silicates, sulfates, oxides and in native form is? a. Limonite b. Iron c. Copper d. Mercury

Answer 8

c. Copper Native: As pure copper metal. Oxides: Such as Cuprite. Carbonates: Such as Malachite and Azurite. Silicates: Such as Chrysocolla. Sulfates: Such as Chalcanthite.

Question 9

The concept of replacing the intermitted operations of rock breakage and material handling in mining with a system of continuous extraction. a. Vertical Crater Retreat b. Automation and Robotics c. Avoca Mining d. Rapid Excavation

Answer 9

d. Rapid Excavation

Question 10

It refers to the tonnage per cubic meter volume of a material. a. Tonnage Factor b. Mill Head c. Mine Head d. Swell Factor

Answer 10

a. Tonnage Factor

Question 10

Once a long-range open pit mining plan has been established, it is essential to develop a series of ____________. These will define the intermediate steps required to reach the final pit limits under physical, operating and legal constraints. a. Long-Range Production Plans b. Short-Range Production Plans c. Long-Range Mining Plans d. Short-Range Mining Plans

Answer 10

d. Short-Range Mining Plans

Question 11

A mineral exploration method that utilize a high altitude-radar equipment installed in an aircraft that maps earth's topography using satellite images to detect bedrock and mineralized zones. a. Radiometric survey b. Remote sensing c. Electrical survey d. Gravimetric survey

Answer 11

b. Remote sensing

Question 11

It is a study conducted to assess the engineering/technical and economic appraisal of the commercial viability of the project. a. Mine Valuation b. Mine Evaluation c. Feasibility Study d. Mine Assessment

Answer 11

c. Feasibility Study

Question 12

Extensometer is an instrument to measure: a. rock displacement b. stress c. strain d. ground vibration

Answer 12

c. strain

Question 13

It is the underground mine gas otherwise called as "sweet damp". a. Nitrogen Dioxide b. Methane c. Hydrogen Sulfide d. Carbon Monoxide

Answer 13

d. Carbon Monoxide Firedamp (Methane) Whitedamp (Carbon Monoxide) Blackdamp (Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen) Stinkdamp (Hydrogen Sulfide)

Question 13

It refers to the increase in volume of a material when loosened form its in-lace or in-situ position. a. Porosity b. Friability c. Swell d. Tonnage factor

Answer 13

c. Swell

Question 13

In a typical bench mining operation, 1 ft. of ore face must be exposed for each 4 to 5 tons of required daily production. Supposed the required daily production is 20,000 tons, then advance stripping of the bench must continue until: a. 4,000 to 5,000 ft. b. 10,000 to 12,000 ft. c. 2,000 to 3,000 ft. d. 6,000 to 7,000 ft.

Answer 13

a. 4,000 to 5,000 ft. Ore face requirement = 1 ft per 4–5 tons of daily production Required daily production = 20,000 tons Ore Face=Daily Production×1ft/tons per foot Using 4 tons/ft → 20 , 000 ÷ 4 = 5 , 000 ft 20,000÷4=5,000 ft Using 5 tons/ft → 20 , 000 ÷ 5 = 4 , 000 ft 20,000÷5=4,000 ft 4,000 to 5,000 ft

Question 14

It is the ratio of the weight of the material to the wight of an equal volume of water. a. Density b. Porosity c. Void ratio d. Specific gravity

Answer 14

d. Specific gravity Specific gravity (SG) is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance. For solids and liquids, the reference is always water at a specific temperature.

Question 14

A shovel worked 600 hours a month, was under repair for 100 hours and on stand-by for 50 hours. What was the shovel physical availability? a. 80% b. 84.6% c. 85.7% d. 86.6%

Answer 14

d. 86.6% Physical Availability (%)=Available Hours/Scheduled Hours ×100 Available Hours=Worked Hours + Standby HoursScheduled Hours=Worked Hours + Standby Hours + Repair Hours Worked Hours = 600 Repair Hours = 100 Standby Hours = 50 Available Hours=600+50=650 Scheduled Hours=600+50+100=750 650/750×100≈86.67%

Question 15

It is a study that denotes the assessment of the relative economic viability of the mining project or investment opportunity. a. Mine Valuation b. Mine Evaluation c. Feasibility Study d. Mine Assessment

Answer 15

b. Mine Evaluation Mine Evaluation is the general term for the systematic process of assessing a mining project or investment opportunity to determine its commercial viability. This assessment typically includes: Geological assessment: Understanding the size and quality of the mineral deposit. Engineering assessment: Determining the best mining method and equipment. Economic assessment: Analyzing the profitability, costs, and potential revenue.

Question 16

You are the manager of the company contracted to do pre-stripping of a large copper deposit mineable by open pit with total minable reserves of 15 million tons and an overall stripping ratio of 2 to 1 which the mine owner wants to reduce to 1 to 1 during operations. At what average daily rate will you have to pre-strip the mine if you are given only 6 months and you have 25 working days per month? a. 30,000 tons per day b. 60,000 tons per day c. 100,000 tons per day d. 120,000 tons per day

Answer 16

c. 100,000 tons per day Total minable ore = 15 million tons Original stripping ratio = 2:1 → 2 tons of waste per 1 ton of ore Target stripping ratio = 1:1 → 1 ton of waste per 1 ton of ore Time for pre-stripping = 6 months × 25 working days/month = 150 working days SR=W/O Original SR = 2:1 → waste = 2 × 15,000,000 = 30,000,000 tons Target SR = 1:1 → waste = 1 × 15,000,000 = 15,000,000 tons Pre-stripping waste=30,000,000−15,000,000 =15,000,000 tons Daily Rate=Pre-stripping waste/No. of working days =15,000,000/150 =100,000 tons/day

Question 16

Refers to removing overburden external to the mineral deposit and removing waste within the confines of the open pit. a. Stripping b. Mining c. Ore blocking d. Kriging

Answer 16

a. Stripping

Question 16

Sublevel block caving is a hybrid between sublevel caving and block caving introduced to counter? a. Drilling and lasting problems in sublevel caving. b. Draw control problems in block caving. c. Problems in sublevel caving due to dilution and mining at depth. d. Problems in block caving regarding stability, reinforcement, and secondary blasting problems.

Answer 16

d. Problems in block caving regarding stability, reinforcement, and secondary blasting problems. This mining method was developed to address the major challenges of conventional block caving. In traditional block caving, the massive undercut can lead to unstable drawpoints and large, unbroken blocks of ore that require dangerous and costly secondary blasting to manage. By integrating principles of sublevel caving, the hybrid method uses a more controlled, staged blasting approach to initiate the cave. This improves the stability of the ore at the drawpoints, reduces the risk of large, hanging blocks, and minimizes the need for hazardous secondary blasting.

Question 17

A drilling technique where all the rods are pulled-out together with the core barrel to recover the samples for every length of drill run. a. Wireline drilling b. Conventional drilling c. Reverse circulation drilling b. Directional drilling

Answer 17

b. Conventional drilling In conventional drilling, the drill rods and the core barrel are a single unit. To retrieve the core sample at the end of each drill run, the entire string of drill rods must be pulled out of the borehole. After the core sample is recovered, the entire rod string is lowered back into the hole, and drilling resumes. This process is slow and labor-intensive, which is why the more modern wireline drilling method was developed. Wireline drilling uses a cable (wireline) to retrieve only the inner core barrel, leaving the outer drill rods in the hole.

Question 17

The distance range of discontinuity spacing which is considered as very wide spacing. a. Less than 20mm b. Between 200-600mm c. Between 2000-6000mm d. More than 6000mm

Answer 17

c. Between 2000-6000mm

Question 17

A fleet of 15 units off-highway dump trucks are fitted with 280 Hp diesel engines each. What is the resulting flywheel or brake horsepower rating (BHp) of the trucks if they have the following engine accessories: Motor accessories - 6.0 Hp Electrical moters - 2.0 Hp Cooling system - 1.5 Hp Other essentials - 4.0 Hp a. 13.5 Hp b. 261.6 Hp c. 266.5 Hp d. 270.5 Hp

Answer 17

c. 266.5 Hp Number of trucks = 15 Engine rating per truck = 280 Hp Engine accessory loads: Motor accessories = 6 Hp Electrical motors = 2 Hp Cooling system = 1.5 Hp Other essentials = 4 Hp Total accessory load=6+2+1.5+4=13.5 Hp BHp per truck=Engine rating−Accessory load=280−13.5=266.5 Hp

Question 17

Which of the following carries the highest level of arsenic? a. Cinnabar b. Garnierite b. Chalcocite d. Luzonite

Answer 17

d. Luzonite Luzonite (Cu₃AsS₄) is a copper arsenic sulfide mineral and contains significant arsenic content. Cinnabar (HgS) → mercury sulfide, contains no arsenic. Garnierite → nickel silicate, contains no arsenic. Chalcocite (Cu₂S) → copper sulfide, contains no arsenic.

Question 18

It is the value of a mining property which a willing buyer will pay to the willing seller for the property when neither one is under compulsion to buy or to sell. a. Book value b. Market value c. Assessed value d. Salvage value

Answer 18

b. Market value a. Book value is the value of an asset as recorded on a company's balance sheet. c. Assessed value is the value assigned to a property for tax purposes. d. Salvage value is the estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life.

Question 18

A mechanical property of rocks that resists abrasion. a. Ductility b. Hardness c. Shear d. Tension

Answer 18

b. Hardness. Hardness is a mechanical property of rocks that measures their resistance to abrasion, scratching, or indentation. It's a crucial factor in mining as it affects the selection of equipment and the cost of drilling and crushing operations. a. Ductility is the ability of a material to deform under tensile stress without fracturing. *Shear and Tension are types of stress (forces) applied to a material, not a mechanical property that resists abrasion.

Question 19

In designing skips for hoisting, which of the following parameters is most important? a. tonnage of waste to be hoisted per day b. availability of adequate power c. depth and grade of orebody or source of ore and waste d. tonnage of ore to be hoisted per day

Answer 19

d. tonnage of ore to be hoisted per day *The tonnage of waste is also hoisted, but the system is designed first and foremost for the valuable ore. * The depth and grade of the orebody affect the hoisting cycle time and overall economics, but the daily tonnage target is the key design driver. * The availability of power is a critical constraint for the hoist motor, but the power system is designed to meet the capacity requirements, not the other way around.

Question 19

In a diamond drilling, which of the following has the largest diameter? a. HQ b. AQ c. BQ c. NQ

Answer 19

a. HQ AQ 27.0 1 1/16 BQ 36.5 1 7/16 NQ 47.6 1 7/8 HQ 63.5 2 1/2 PQ 85.0 3 11/32 Conventional EX 22.2 7/8 AX 30.2 1 3/16 BX 41.3 1 5/8 NX 54.0 2 1/8

Question 20

It is the practice of removing the gas contained in a coal seam and adjoining strata before actual mining through wellbores drill holes, and pipelines. a. Underground gasification b. Methane drainage c. Natural gas production d. Underground retorting

Answer 20

b. Methane drainage The process is a critical safety measure to prevent explosive gas concentrations in underground mines and also allows for the capture and use of methane as a valuable energy source. a. Underground gasification involves burning the coal seam underground to produce a gas. c. Underground retorting is the heating of oil shale to extract liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. d. Natural gas production is a broad term and not specific to the pre-mining removal of gas from coal seams.

Question 21

Geochemical prospecting is used to trace metals usually contained in: a. waste dump samples b. wind samples c. fauna samples d. water or stream sediment samples

Answer 21

d. water or stream sediment samples Geochemical prospecting is a mineral exploration method that involves analyzing the chemical properties of naturally occurring materials to find anomalies that may indicate a mineral deposit. Of the options, water and stream sediment sampling is a common and effective technique. As water flows over and through mineralized areas, it can pick up trace amounts of elements. These elements are then transported downstream and can accumulate in stream sediments, creating a detectable "geochemical anomaly" that can be traced back to the source.

Question 22

It is the most important geographical factor influencing coal formation, which affects the rate of floral growth and the degree of preservation of accumulated plant materials in a peat swamp. a. topography b. depositional factor c. climate d. biochemical process

Answer 22

c. climate. ☀️ A warm, humid climate is the most crucial factor in coal formation because it directly affects both the rate of floral growth and the degree of preservation of plant material. * Floral Growth: A warm, wet climate leads to rapid and abundant plant growth, which provides a constant supply of organic material. * Preservation: The humid conditions contribute to the formation of swamps, creating an anaerobic (oxygen-poor) environment in the water. This lack of oxygen prevents the complete decomposition of the fallen plant material, allowing it to accumulate as peat, which is the first step in coal formation.

Question 22

The sublevel shrinkage method is a variant of sublevel caving and shrinkage stoping developed to reduce: a. drawbacks due to mechanization of operation b. drawbacks due to mining at depth c. drawbacks in sublevel caving such as stability problem as mining goes deeper and minimizing dilution d. drawbacks in shrinkage stoping such as dilution

Answer 22

c. drawbacks in sublevel caving such as stability problem as mining goes deeper and minimizing dilution Sublevel Caving: This method is highly productive and well-suited for deep mining. However, its main drawback is a high degree of dilution, as the broken ore mixes with waste rock from the caving hanging wall. Shrinkage Stoping: This method offers very low dilution because the ore is contained within the stope. However, it is labor-intensive, has low productivity, and is not suitable for deep mining or large-scale mechanization. Sublevel shrinkage uses the sublevel access and drilling pattern of sublevel caving, which allows for mechanization and high production rates. It then applies the shrinkage principle of leaving broken ore in the stope to provide support and control, which significantly reduces dilution compared to traditional sublevel caving. This hybrid method, therefore, addresses the major dilution and stability issues inherent in sublevel caving.

Question 23

Strain is defined as: a. the original length divided by the change in length b. the force causing the deformation divided by the change in length c. the change in length divided by the force that caused the deformation d. the change in length divided by the original length

Answer 23

d. the change in length divided by the original length

Question 24

Brazilian test is used to determine what type of strength parameters of rocks? a. compressive strength test b. indirect shear test c. indirect tensile strength d. direct shear test

Answer 24

c. indirect tensile strength The Brazilian test, also known as the Brazilian Disc Test or the Indirect Tensile Strength Test, is a standard method used in rock mechanics to determine a rock's tensile strength. The test works by placing a cylindrical rock disc on its side and applying a compressive load across its diameter. While the applied load is compressive, it induces tensile stresses perpendicular to the direction of the load. When these tensile stresses exceed the rock's tensile strength, the disc fails by splitting along its loaded diameter.

Question 25

It is the study of all types of deformation - elasticity, plastic, and viscous particularly plastic flow of solids. a. Rheology b. Geology c. Lithology d. Sedimentology

Answer 25

a. Rheology Rheology is the scientific study of the flow of matter. It is a field that investigates the deformation of all types of materials, including liquids, semi-solids, and solids under stress. The study of rheology specifically includes: Elasticity: A material's ability to deform and return to its original shape. Plasticity: The irreversible deformation of a material when subjected to a force. Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to flow.

Question 25

Are species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and nearly identical chemical behavior but differing atomic mass and physical properties. a. Allotrope b. Isotope c. Polymorph d. Pseudomorph

Answer 25

b. Isotope a. Allotrope refers to different structural forms of the same element (e.g., carbon exists as diamond and graphite). c. Polymorph refers to different crystal structures of the same chemical compound. d. Pseudomorph is a mineral that has the external shape of another mineral it has replaced.

Question 26

A mining cost that remains relatively constant regardless of any change made in operations or policy such as: rental of building, depreciation, etc. a. Variable cost b. Overhead cost c. Fixed cost d. Incremental cost

Answer 26

c. Fixed cost Fixed costs are expenses that do not change with the level of production or operational activity. They are incurred regardless of whether the mine produces a lot of ore or no ore at all. a. Variable costs change in direct proportion to production levels (e.g., fuel and explosives). b. Overhead costs are a broader category of indirect business expenses, some of which may be fixed, but the term "fixed cost" is more specific to the concept of constancy. d. Incremental costs are the additional costs incurred to produce one more unit.

Question 27

A Class "A" mine shall have at least: a. 1 part-time Safety Inspector and Deputy Inspector b. 1 part-time Safety Engineer and 1 full-time Safety Inspector c. 1 full-time Safety Engineer and Safety Inspector d. 1 full-time Safety Engineer

Answer 27

c. 1 full-time Safety Engineer and Safety Inspector

Question 28

A Mine Planner is locating the new ultimate pit boundary or limit of an open pit gold mine due to increase of gold prices in the world market and additional ore reserves. Determine the maximum allowable stripping ratio given the following: Average Gold Grade: 0.3 grams/ton Gold Price: $2,300 per troy ounce Cost of Processing the Ore: $15.00 per ton Cost of Mining the Waste: $2.00 per ton a. 5:1 b. 3.5:1 c. 2:1 d. 6:1

Answer 28

b. 3.5:1 SRmax​=Revenue per ton of ore−Cost of processing ore/ Cost of mining waste

Question 29

An explosive material containing substantial amounts of oxidizers dissolved in waste, surrounded by an immiscible fuel. a. Glycerin b. Ammonia c. Fuel oil d. Emulsion

Answer 29

d. Emulsion

Question 30

The process of forming a direct hole or kerf on rock surface, usually mechanical, but sometimes hydraulically or thermally. a. Cyclic loading b. Rock fragmentation c. Rock penetration d. Rock cutting

Answer 30

c. Rock penetration Rock penetration is the process of advancing a tool into a rock mass to create a hole or kerf. It refers to the rate at which the tool can make progress through the rock surface. This process can be achieved through various methods: (1) Mechanical: A drill bit or cutter physically breaking the rock. (2) Hydraulic: High-pressure water jets breaking the rock. (3) Thermal: Using heat to induce spalling or fracturing of the rock. a. Rock fragmentation is the result of breaking rock, not the process of forming a hole or kerf. d. Rock cutting is a specific form of rock penetration that typically creates a channel or kerf.

Question 31

A method of raising TSF embankments where the embankment is constructed over deposited tailings. A small starter dam is placed at the extreme downstream point and the dam wall is progressively raised on the upstream side. a. Upstream b. Downstream c. Centerline d. Paddock

Answer 31

a. Upstream b. Downstream. This method is the opposite of the upstream method. Instead of building on top of the deposited tailings, the embankment is raised by placing new construction material on the downstream side (the side away from the impoundment) of the existing dam. This process creates a much larger dam base and is considered more stable and secure. c. The centerline method is a hybrid approach. It begins with a starter dam, but subsequent raises are constructed so that the crest of the new dam is aligned vertically with the crest of the starter dam. The dam grows in both the upstream and downstream directions, balancing the stability of the downstream method with a better material balance than the upstream method.

Question 32

Which of the following is a vertical underground excavation? a. Crosscut b. Sump c. Drive d. Winze

Answer 32

d. Winze A winze is a vertical or steeply inclined underground excavation that is sunk downwards from a level. Its purpose is to connect different levels, transport ore and waste, or serve as a ventilation passage. It is essentially an internal shaft, as it does not extend to the surface.

Question 33

It is the underground mine gas otherwise called as "marsh gas". a. Nitrogen dioxide b. Methane c. Sulfur dioxide d. Carbon monoxide

Answer 33

b. Methane

Question 34

A type of explode which provides delay firing intervals at pre-determined duration. It has manually or mechanically rotated switch that directs electrical energy to each detonator or circuit as the rotating arm passes over the appropriate contact. a. squirrel type of explorer b. sequential type of explorer c. generator type of explorer d. capacitor type of explorer

Answer 34

b. sequential type of explorer A sequential exploder (or sequential blasting machine) is an electrical device specifically designed for controlled, multi-shot blasts. The device's internal mechanism, which often includes a rotating switch or a solid-state timer, directs the electrical firing pulse to each circuit in a pre-programmed sequence. This allows for precise, pre-determined delays between each detonation, which is crucial for managing ground vibrations, improving rock fragmentation, and increasing overall blasting efficiency. *Generator and capacitor type exploders are designed to fire all connected detonators instantaneously and simultaneously. They do not have a built-in mechanism for delayed, sequential firing.

Question 35

In a limestone quarry, a bench measuring 3 meters x 6 meters x 6 meters was blasted. Allowing 10% overbreak, calculate the number of 4 cubic-meter truck loads that will be required to move the loose rocks to the mill bins. Assume 30% voids for the broken limestone. a.39 trucks b. 43 trucks c. 52 trucks d. 58 trucks

Answer 35

b. 43 trucks

Question 36

It is the percentage of the core recovered from drilling divided by the length of drill run multiplied by 100. a. Rock Quality Designation b. Percentage Core Recovery c. Length of Drill Run d. Rock Mass Rating

Answer 36

b. Percentage Core Recovery Percentage Core Recovery= Length of Core Recovered/ Length of Drill Run ×100 a. Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is a related but different metric. It is a percentage of the core recovered that is in pieces of 10 cm or longer. It is a measure of rock quality, not just drilling efficiency. d. Rock Mass Rating (RMR) is a comprehensive rock mass classification system that uses several parameters, including RQD, to provide an overall rating.

Question 37

The placement/assigning a dollar or other currency value on a mining property. a. Mine Valuation b. Mine Evaluation c. Feasibility Study d. Mine Assessment

Answer 37

a. Mine Valuation Mine Valuation is the specific process of determining the monetary worth of a mining property or project. It involves estimating the value of a mineral deposit by analyzing its size, grade, and the costs and revenues associated with its extraction and sale. The final outcome is a dollar figure that represents the property's present value.

Question 38

It is minor and slow downward movement of soil and rocks along slope with some roots and twigs of trees are still usually present. a. Creep b. Slump c. Rockslide d. Solifluction

Answer 38

a. Creep Creep is the slow, imperceptible, and continuous downward movement of soil and rock debris on a slope. It is a very gradual form of mass wasting that is often a result of repeated freezing and thawing cycles. The presence of roots and twigs of trees still within the moving material is a key indicator, as the movement is so slow that vegetation can often survive, though it may become tilted or curved as the ground shifts beneath it. b. Slump is a faster, rotational slide of a cohesive block of material, leaving a distinct scarp. c. Rockslide is a rapid, catastrophic downhill movement of a mass of rock. d. Solifluction is a specific type of creep that occurs in permafrost regions where the soil is saturated with water and flows over a frozen layer.

Question 38

Which of the following is composed of ammonium nitrate, water and explosive or non-explosive sensitizers? It is formulated purposely to extend the range of properties and characteristics of blasting agents. a. Emulsion b. Semi-gelatin c. Dynamite stick d. Slurry

Answer 38

d. Slurry a. Emulsion explosives are a specific type of slurry that use an immiscible oil phase to encapsulate the water/oxidizer solution. *Semi-gelatin and Dynamite stick refer to types of dynamite, which are high explosives based on nitroglycerin, not a water and ammonium nitrate mixture.

Question 38

Term used to describe the aerial or size of a discontinuity with a plane. a. Persistence b. Stereonet c. Aperture d. Spacing

Answer 38

a. Persistence Persistence is a key parameter in rock mechanics that describes the spatial extent or size of a discontinuity, such as a joint or fault plane. It is a measure of how far the discontinuity continues within its own plane. A highly persistent discontinuity (one that extends for a long distance) is a significant factor in rock mass stability and can influence the strength of the rock. b. Stereonet is a graphical tool used to plot the orientation of discontinuities. c. Aperture refers to the physical gap or opening between the rock faces of a discontinuity. d. Spacing is the distance between adjacent discontinuities.

Question 39

A type of rockmass where the RQD of the core samples ranges from 75-90 percent. a. Excellent b. Good c. Fair d. Very Good

Answer 39

b. Good RQD (%) Rock Mass Quality 0 - 25 Very Poor 25 - 50 Poor 50 - 75 Fair 75 - 90 Good 90 - 100 Excellent

Question 40

The amount of oxygen in underground mines required under "Revised Mines Safety Rules and Regulations" is: a. 18% by volume b. 20% by volume c. 19% by volume d. 21% by volume

Answer 40

b. 20% by volume

Question 41

The phenomenon in longwall mining is a result brought about by the violent collapse of the goafs compressing the cavity underneath the main roof. This occurs when the roof is competent (e.g. a massive limestone) and the face has advanced for a distance of 100 to 15 meters. a. Air blast b. Heave c. Gas burst d. Spalling

Answer 41

a. Air blast An air blast, also known as a wind blast, is a dangerous phenomenon that can occur in longwall mining when a large, competent section of the main roof collapses suddenly. This is a common occurrence in formations like massive limestone.

Question 42

Shear strength is a material's ability to: a. resist compression b. resist tension c. resist sliding on a plane d. withstand weathering

Answer 42

c. resist sliding on a plane Shear strength is a material's ability to withstand forces that act parallel to a surface, causing one part of the material to slide past another. Think of the force applied when you cut a piece of paper with scissors; the blades are applying a shearing force. a. Resisting compression is compressive strength. b. Resisting tension is tensile strength. d. Withstanding weathering is a material's durability or resistance to degradation from environmental factors.

Question 43

The days lost per million man-hours worked. a. Accident severity rate b. Total accident rate c. Accident frequency rate d. Total lost time accident

Answer 43

a. Accident severity rate The Accident severity rate is a key metric used in mine safety to measure the seriousness of accidents. It is specifically defined as the number of days lost due to injuries per million man-hours worked. This metric is different from the Accident frequency rate, which measures the number of disabling injuries per million man-hours worked. While the frequency rate tells you how often accidents happen, the severity rate tells you how serious those accidents were in terms of lost productivity and a worker's well-being.

Question 44

In underground mines where square set stoping is used, what do you call that chamber where ore is actually extracted? a. raise b. winze c. adit d. stope

Answer 44

d. stope A stope is the underground excavation or chamber that is created by the actual removal of the ore. It is the primary working area where miners and equipment extract the valuable mineral from the surrounding rock. In square set stoping, the stope is the open cavity that is created and then systematically supported by a timber framework as the ore is removed.

Question 44

It is the total in situ medium containing bedding planes, faults, joints and other structural feature. a. Rock material b. Rock mass c. Filling material d. Lithology

Answer 44

b. Rock mass A rock mass is the in-situ (in place) medium that includes not only the solid rock material but also all of the existing discontinuities and structural features. These features, such as bedding planes, faults, and joints, significantly affect the overall mechanical and hydrological behavior of the rock. a. Rock material refers to the intact, solid rock substance itself, without considering the effects of fractures or discontinuities. c. Filling material is the substance (e.g., clay or gouge) that fills a discontinuity, not the entire medium. d. Lithology is the physical description of a rock (its mineral composition, texture, and color), not its in-situ structural state.

Question 45

Burning of Fossil Fuels results in: a. Increased oxygen level b. Decreased greenhouse gases c. Increased greenhouse gases d. Increased Methane level

Answer 45

c. Increased greenhouse gases

Question 46

In diamond drilling explorations, which of the following refers to the facility where drill cores are stored in sequence according to the depths where they where extracted? a. Fishing device b. Sample splitter c. Core box d. Core barrel

Answer 46

c. Core box A core box is a container, typically made of plastic, wood, or cardboard, that is specifically designed for the storage and transportation of drill cores. As the cylindrical rock core is extracted from the borehole, it is carefully placed into the core box in the exact sequence it was drilled, with markings for the start and end depths. This ensures that geologists can accurately log and analyze the rock stratigraphy. a. A fishing device is a tool used to retrieve broken or lost equipment from a borehole. b. A sample splitter is used to divide a bulk sample into smaller, representative portions for analysis. d. A core barrel is the part of the drill string that cuts and holds the core as it is being drilled. It is used in the ground, not for long-term storage on the surface.