1
Q
Define autotroph
A
Makes its own food
2
Q
Give an example of an autotroph
A
Daisy
3
Q
Define heterotroph
A
Does not make its own food
4
Q
Define herbivore
A
Eats plants
5
Q
Give an example of a herbivore
A
Cow
6
Q
Define carnivore
A
Eats meat
7
Q
Give an example of a carnivore
A
Lion
8
Q
Define omnivore
A
Eats both plants and meat
9
Q
Give an example of an omnivore
A
Humans
10
Q
Define digestion
A
Breaking food down into smaller molecules so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
11
Q
Why does digestion occur?
A
- Food is easier to absorb
- Food is easier to transport
- Makes the food soluble
12
Q
Give examples of chemical digestion
A
- Enzymes
- Bile
13
Q
Give examples of actions involved in physical digestion
A
- Chewing
- Churning
- Peristalsis
14
Q
Define enzyme
A
Biological catalyst that alters the rate of reaction without being consumed
15
Q
What type of biomolecule are enzymes?
A
Proteins
16
Q
Give examples of the enzymes, substrate, and product in chemical digestion reactions
A
- Enzyme: Amylase
Substrate: Starch
Product: Maltose - Enzyme: Protease – pepsin
Substrate: Proteins
Product: Amino acids - Enzyme: Lipase
Substrate: Lipids
Product: 3 fatty acids and glycerol
17
Q
Draw and label a diagram of the digestive system
A
18
Q
Define ingestion
A
Taking in food
19
Q
Define absorption
A
Nutrients entering blood
20
Q
Define egestion
A
Removal of unabsorbed undigested material
21
Q
What are the four types of teeth?
A
- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars
22
Q
What is the function of the incisors?
A
Bite
23
Q
What is the function of the canines?
A
Tear meat
24
Q
What is the function of the premolars?
A
Grind and chew
25
What is the function of the molars?
Grind and chew
26
How does physical digestion occur in the mouth?
Using the teeth
27
How does chemical digestion occur in the mouth?
Amylase (found in saliva) breaks down starch into maltose
28
What is the human dental formula?
29
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food entering the trachea
30
What is peristalsis?
Muscular actions which helps food move down the oesophagus, mixes the food in the stomach, and squeezes food in the intestines so nutrients can be absorbed
31
What is the role of fibre in the digestive system?
Fibre absorbs water. This causes food containing fibre to expand, which stimulates muscles to carry out peristalsis
32
What does the stomach secrete during digestion?
Gastric juice
33
What is the function of gastric juice in the stomach?
It contains:
* Mucous which prevents the stomach from self-digesting
* Pepsinogen which is in inactive enzyme which is converted to pepsin which converts proteins to peptides.
* Hydrochloric acid (HCI) which kills bacteria and loosens food.
34
What is the digestive function of mucous in the stomach?
Prevents the stomach from self digesting.
35
What is the digestive function of pepsinogen in the stomach?
Inactive enzyme which is converted to pepsin which converts proteins to peptides
36
What is the optimum pH of pepsin and why?
2 because of the acidic environment
37
What is the digestive function of hydrochloric acid (HCI)?
Kills bacteria and loosens the food
38
How does physical/mechanical digestion occur in the stomach?
Churning
39
How does the stomach prevent itself from self-digesting?
* Mucous
* Cells in stomach are tightly packed and can be replaced very rapidly. They have a high rate of mitosis
40
Define hormone
Chemical messenger made in the endocrine gland transported by the blood to a target organ causing an effect
41
What is the function of the pancreas?
* **Dual functioning organ**
*Exocrine function (digestive function):*
- Has a duct
- Produces lipase
- Produces amylase
*Endocrine function (non-digestive function):*
- Makes hormones e.g. insulin
42
Give functions of the liver
* Makes bile (causes emulsification of fats) and cholesterol (needed to form hormones)
* Detoxifies the body
* Breaks down excess amino acids (deamination) which makes urea
* Converts glucose to glycogen for storage (storage polysaccharide)
* Converts excess carbohydrate to fat
* Produces heat
* Stores vitamin D, iron, copper, and zinc
43
Give the functions of bile
* Emulsifies fats, activating the pancreatic lipase
* Raises the pH, causing the neutralisation of stomach acid
44
What is bile made from?
Dead red blood cells
45
Where is bile made?
Liver
46
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
47
Where is bile used?
Duodenum
48
Draw ad label diagram of Liver and intestine showing how they are connected
49
Define portal system
System that begins and ends with capillaries
50
Give an example of a portal system
Hepatic portal vein
51
What are the two parts that make up the small intestine?
Duodenum and ileum
52
What is the function of the duodenum?
* Enzymes for digestion work here
* Bile works here
53
What is the function of the ileum?
* Absorbs digested nutrients
54
Where is amylase made?
Salivary gland and the pancreas
55
Where is amylase active following production in the salivary gland?
Mouth
56
What is the pH of amylase?
7
57
What is the substrate and the product in the reaction with amylase during digestion?
Substrate: Starch
Product: Maltose
58
Where is pepsin made?
Stomach
59
What is the substrate and product in the reaction with pepsin in the stomach?
Substrate: Protein
Product: Amino acids
60
Where is pepsin active?
Stomach
61
Where is HCl made?
Stomach
62
Where is HCl active?
Stomach
63
What is the pH of HCl?
2
64
Where is amylase active following production in the pancreas?
Duodenum
65
Where is lipase made?
Pancreas
66
Where is lipase active?
Duodenum
67
What is the pH of lipase?
7
68
What is the substrate and product of the reaction with lipase in the duodenum?
Substrate: Fats
Product: Fatty acids and glycerol
69
What is the pH of bile?
8
70
What is the substrate and product of the reaction with bile in the duodenum?
Substrate: Lipids
Product: Lipid droplets
71
Draw and label a villi
72
What is the role of villi in digestion?
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed and transported by the lymph vessel (lacteal)
73
How is the small intestine adapted to its role?
* Very long which increases surface area for nutrient absorption
* Numerous villi which increases surface area for nutrient absorption
* Walls are thin which means substances can easily diffuse across
* There is a rich blood supply which allows for a fast rate of absorption
* There is a lymph supply which absorbs some of the digested lipids
74
What is the function of the large intestine?
Colon: Absorbs water into the bloodstream, peristalsis, absorbs vitamins
Rectum: Egestion
75
What is the function of the colon?
* Absorbs water into the bloodstream
* Peristalsis
* Absorbs vitamins
76
What is the function of the rectum?
Egestion
77
Describe an example of symbiotic bacteria in the digestive system
* Bacteria in the colon feed on waste, produce vitamin B and K, help break down cellulose, and compete with other microorganisms to boost our immune system
78
Define excretion
Getting rid of waste from chemical reactions
79
Name the four stages of digestion
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Egestion
Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (29)
# Cards
-
Scientific Method26
-
Definition of Life19
-
Food73
-
Ecology111
-
Cell Structure62
-
Cell Diversity35
-
Enzymes89
-
Diffusion and Osmosis28
-
Photosynthesis41
-
Respiration42
-
Cell Division52
-
Genetics149
-
Bacteria67
-
Fungi47
-
Amoeba14
-
Plant Structure72
-
Transport, food storage and gas exchange in flowering plants36
-
The heart and blood vessels73
-
Blood45
-
Lymphatic System23
-
Human Reproduction128
-
Sexual Reproduction in Plants102
-
Digestive System79
-
Asexual Reproduction in Plants28
-
Defence System45
-
Breathing System35
-
Endocrine System50
-
Excretion81
-
Plant Responses43
